Distinguishing Voice and Silence at Work: Unique Relationships with Perceived Impact, Psychological Safety, and Burnout

Sherf, Elad N.; Parke, Michael R.; Isaakyan, Sofya

doi:10.5465/amj.2018.1428

Cited by 349Job Satisfaction and Organizational BehaviorStress and Burnout ResearchLabor Movements and Unions

Distinguishing Voice and Silence at Work: Unique Relationships with Perceived Impact, Psychological Safety, and Burnout

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Sherf, Elad N., Parke, Michael R., Isaakyan, Sofya·2021·Academy of Management Journal

DOI 10.5465/amj.2018.1428

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Abstract

Scholars continue to debate whether voice and silence are opposites or distinct constructs. This ambiguity has prevented meaningful theoretical advancements about employees’ voice and silence at work. We draw on the behavioral activation and behavioral inhibition systems perspective to provide a conceptual framework for the independence of voice and silence and explicate how two key antecedents—perceived impact and psychological safety—more strongly relate to voice and silence, respectively. We further differentiate voice and silence by identifying their distinct effects on employee burnout. In Study 1, a meta-analysis, we demonstrate that voice and silence are independent (Mρ = −.15) and that perceived impact (psychological safety) relates more strongly to voice (silence) than to silence (voice). We also find that silence has a significantly stronger association with burnout compared to voice. In Study 2, we constructively replicate these findings in an interval-contingent panel study across six months. Taken together, this article helps shift the conversation of whether voice and silence are distinct constructs to how they differ and why such differences matter.

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Employee Voice and Silence: Taking Stock a Decade Later
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How to prevent and combat employee burnout and create healthier workplaces during crises and beyond
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The Voice Cultivation Process: How Team Members Can Help Upward Voice Live on to Implementation
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When Is Silence Golden? A Meta-analysis on Antecedents and Outcomes of Employee Silence
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Role of adaptive leadership in learning organizations to boost organizational innovations with change self-efficacy
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How psychological safety and feeling heard relate to burnout and adaptation amid uncertainty
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Keeping it between us: Managerial endorsement of public versus private voice.
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Taking Your Team Behind the Curtain: The Effects of Leader Feedback-Sharing and Feedback-Seeking on Team Psychological Safety
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“Am I Next?” The Spillover Effects of Mega-Threats on Avoidant Behaviors at Work
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Amplifying Voice in Organizations
Bain, K., Kreps, T. A., Meikle, N. L., & Tenney, E. R. (2021) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2018.0621 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self‐compassion in organizations: A review and future research agenda
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The effects of organizational trust and empowering leadership on group conflict: psychological safety as a mediator
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Employee Constructive Voice: An Integrative Review and a Dyadic Approach
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Psychological safety and psychosocial safety climate in workplace: A bibliometric analysis and systematic review towards a research agenda
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Voice, silence, perceived impact, psychological safety, and burnout among nurses: A structural equation modeling analysis
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Happy to help, happy to change? A meta-analysis of major predictors of affiliative and change-oriented organizational citizenship behaviors
Chiaburu, D. S., Oh, I., Stoverink, A. C., Park, H., Bradley, C., & Barros-Rivera, B. A. (2021) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2021.103664 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
An integrative systematic review of employee silence and voice in healthcare: what are we really measuring?
Lainidi, O., Jendeby, M. K., Montgomery, A., Mouratidis, C., Paitaridou, K., Cook, C., Johnson, J., & Karakasidou, E. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1111579 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Exploring the critical nexus between authoritarian leadership, project team member's silence and multi-dimensional success in a state-owned mega construction project
Zaman, U., Flórez, L., Khwaja, M. G., Abbasi, S., & Qureshi, M. G. (2021) · International Journal of Project Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijproman.2021.10.007 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Laughing with me or laughing at me? The differential effects of leader humor expressions on follower status and influence at work
Carnevale, J. B., Huang, L. V., Yam, K. C., & Wang, L. (2022) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2629 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
New Trajectories in Worker Voice: Integrating and Applying Contemporary Challenges in the Organization of Work
Wilkinson, A. J., Knoll, M. S., Mowbray, P. K., & Dundon, T. (2021) · British Journal of Management · doi:10.1111/1467-8551.12528 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
How much does the firm's alliance network matter?
Kumar, P., Liu, X., & Zaheer, A. (2022) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.3379 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Despite the haters: The immense promise and progress of diversity, equity, and inclusion initiatives
Nittrouer, C., Arena, D. F., Silver, E. R., Avery, D. R., & Hebl, M. R. (2024) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2835 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Employee Ethical Silence Under Exploitative Leadership: The Roles of Work Meaningfulness and Moral Potency
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Woes of silence: the role of burnout as a mediator between silence and employee outcomes
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The hierarchy of voice framework: The dynamic relationship between employee voice and social hierarchy
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The Social Aftershocks of Voice: An Investigation of Employees’ Affective and Interpersonal Reactions after Speaking Up
Welsh, D. T., Outlaw, R., Newton, D. W., & Baer, M. D. (2021) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2019.1187 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Do I Dare? The Psychodynamics of Anticipated Image Risk, Leader-Identity Endorsement, and Leader Emergence
Lee, J., Sonday, L., & Ashford, S. J. (2022) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2018.1258 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The Benefits and Burdens of Work Moralization on Creativity
Kundro, T. (2022) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2021.0273 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Mitigating Job Burnout in Jordanian Public Healthcare: The Interplay between Ethical Leadership, Organizational Climate, and Role Overload
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The limits of psychological safety: Nonlinear relationships with performance
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Employee voice in times of crisis: A conceptual framework exploring the role of Human Resource practices and Human Resource system strength
Nyfoudi, M., Kwon, B., & Wilkinson, A. (2024) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.22214 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Attitudes in an interpersonal context: Psychological safety as a route to attitude change
Itzchakov, G., & DeMarree, K. G. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.932413 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Psychological safety and patient safety: A systematic and narrative review
Montgomery, A., Chalili, V. V., Lainidi, O., Mouratidis, C., Maliousis, I., Paitaridou, K., & Leary, A. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0322215 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Employee silence in health care: Charting new avenues for leadership and management
Montgomery, A., Lainidi, O., Johnson, J., Creese, J., Bååthe, F., Băban, A., Bhattacharjee, A., Carter, M., Dellve, L., Doherty, E. M., et al. (2022) · Health Care Management Review · doi:10.1097/hmr.0000000000000349 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Feeling safe to speak up: Leaders improving employee wellbeing through psychological safety
Clarke, E., Näswall, K., Masselot, A., & Malinen, S. K. (2024) · Economic and Industrial Democracy · doi:10.1177/0143831x231226303 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Employee perceptions of ethical listening in U.S. organizations
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Security Providing Leadership: A Job Resource to Prevent Employees’ Burnout
Moriano, J. A., Molero, F. J., Laguía, A., Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182312551 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Employee silence, job burnout and job engagement among teachers: the mediational role of psychological safety
Kassandrinou, M., Lainidi, O., Mouratidis, C., & Montgomery, A. (2023) · Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/21642850.2023.2213302 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Do entrepreneurship ecosystem and managerial skills contribute to startup development?
Zaidi, R. A., Khan, M. M., Khan, R. A., & Mujtaba, B. G. (2021) · South Asian Journal of Business Studies · doi:10.1108/sajbs-07-2020-0233 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
How strategic silence enables employee voice to be valued and rewarded
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Mitigating the psychologically detrimental effects of supervisor undermining: Joint effects of voice and political skill
Sun, S., Burke, M., Chen, H., Tan, Y. (., Zhang, J., & Hou, L. (2022) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726721992849 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Continue the Story or Turn the Page? Coworker Reactions to Inheriting a Legacy
Colquitt, J. A., Sabey, T. B., Pfarrer, M. D., Rodell, J. B., & Hill, E. T. (2021) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2019.0084 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Seeking and finding justice: Why and when managers' feedback seeking enhances justice enactment
Sherf, E. N., Gajendran, R. S., & Posner, B. Z. (2020) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2481 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
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Does Voice Benefit or Harm Occupational Well‐Being? The Role of Job Insecurity
Röllmann, L. F., Weiss, M., & Zacher, H. (2021) · British Journal of Management · doi:10.1111/1467-8551.12471 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The sounds of safety silence: Interventions and temporal patterns unmute unique safety voice content in speech
Noort, M. C., Reader, T. W., & Gillespie, A. (2021) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105289 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The role of chief digital officer: Critical insights into an emerging field and road map for future research
Christofi, M. (2023) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114390 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The Relational Dynamics of Issue-Selling: Enacting Different Genres for Dealing with Discontent
Lauche, K., & Erez, M. (2022) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2020.1484 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Does leading with inclusiveness promote innovative behaviours? Examining the role of work engagement and psychological safety
AlMunthiri, O., Bani‐Melhem, S., Shamsudin, F. M., & Al-Naqbi, S. A. (2024) · International journal of organizational analysis · doi:10.1108/ijoa-09-2023-4003 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Breaking the silence of psychological impact while working from home during COVID: implications for workplace learning
Yeo, R. K., & Li, J. (2022) · Human Resource Development International · doi:10.1080/13678868.2022.2047149 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Increasing sustainable behavior through conversation
Hurst, K. F., Sintov, N. D., & Donnelly, G. E. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2022.101948 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Reframing Silence as Purposeful: Emotions in Extreme Contexts
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Protecting their turf: When and why supervisors undermine employee boundary spanning.
Mell, J. N., Quintane, E., Hirst, G., & Carnegie, A. B. (2021) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000960 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Harnessing the power of employee voice for individual and organizational effectiveness
Maynes, T. D., Podsakoff, P. M., Podsakoff, N. P., & Yoo, A. N. (2024) · Business Horizons · doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2024.02.005 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Psychological safety is associated with better work environment and lower levels of clinician burnout
de Lisser, R., Dietrich, M. S., Spetz, J., Ramanujam, R., Lauderdale, J. L., & Stolldorf, D. P. (2024) · Health Affairs Scholar · doi:10.1093/haschl/qxae091 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Linking Corporate Social Responsibility to Workplace Deviant Behaviors: Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction
Memon, K. R., Zada, M., Ghani, B., Ullah, R., Azim, M. T., Mubarik, M. S., Vega-Muñoz, A., & Castillo, D. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.803481 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Does performance appraisal fairness alleviate police officers’ organizational silence? -Considering the moderating effect of trust-
Jeon, D., & Jeong, J. (2024) · International journal of law, crime and justice · doi:10.1016/j.ijlcj.2024.100703 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Unveiling the Nexus: Service robot support and proactive customer service performance in hospitality industry
Gong, T. (2025) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2025.104202 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Ethical leadership supports safety voice by increasing risk perception and reducing ethical ambiguity: Evidence from the COVID‐19 pandemic
Cakir, M. S., Wardman, J. K., & Trautrims, A. (2022) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/risa.14053 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Paradise Lost (and Restored?): A Study of Psychological Safety over Time
Bransby, D. P., Kerrissey, M. J., & Edmondson, A. C. (2024) · Academy of Management Discoveries · doi:10.5465/amd.2023.0084 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Voice or silence: antecedents of whistleblowing intentions
Iwai, T., Yeung, L. L.-T., & Artes, R. (2021) · RAUSP Management Journal · doi:10.1108/rausp-06-2020-0126 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Understanding the Link Between Burnout and Sub-Optimal Care: Why Should Healthcare Education Be Interested in Employee Silence?
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A Cautionary Note on Using Univariate Methods for Meta-Analytic Structural Equation Modeling
Jak, S., & Cheung, M. W. ‐. (2024) · Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/25152459241274249 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
When does commitment backfire: Linking employee continuance commitment to silence behavior
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A study of error reporting by nurses: the significant impact of nursing team dynamics
Munn, L. T., Lynn, M. R., Knafl, G. J., Willis, T. S., & Jones, C. B. (2023) · Journal of research in nursing · doi:10.1177/17449871231194180 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
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Yuan, X., Wang, F., Deng, M., & Shi, W. (2024) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/jmp-10-2022-0509 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Loaded Down From Speaking Up: A Resource-Based Examination of Voicer Regret Following Supervisor Delegation
Newton, D. W., Sessions, H., Lam, C. F., Welsh, D. T., & Wu, W. (2023) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/01492063231163583 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Barriers and facilitators to reporting workplace violence among healthcare workers: A mixed-methods systematic review
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Political context matters: a joint effect of coercive power and perceived organizational politics on abusive supervision and silence
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Applying a Lens of Temporality to Better Understand Voice About Unethical Behaviour
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Remember to say “thanks” when rejecting others: the moderating role of leader gratitude expression in the relationship between leader voice rejection and employees’ subsequent upward voice
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Breaking Employee Silence Through Dialogic Employee Communication: Mediating Roles of Psychological Safety and Psychological Empowerment
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Trust in leader, organizational commitment and employee silence: the moderating role of ethical leadership
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How organizational politics and subjective social status moderate job insecurity–silence relationships
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Silent Majority: How Employees’ Perceptions of Corporate Hypocrisy are Related to their Silence
Wang, Y., Xie, Y., Liu, M., Guo, Y., & He, D. (2024) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-024-05647-6 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Associations between burnout, employee silence and voice: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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Security providing leadership and work stress in Spanish Air Force
Lobato, P., Moriano, J. A., Laguía, A., Molero, F. J., & Mikulincer, M. (2023) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2023.2218785 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
To voice or not to voice? Employee caring practice, employee gratitude, and positive reciprocity norm in the hospitality industry
Liu, B., Li, F., Li, F., Qu, X., & Men, C. (2023) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2023.103571 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Healthcare professionals' voice as a road to burnout and work engagement? The role of relational outcomes: An exploratory study of European countries
Pinho, M. M., Ferreira, P. S., & Gomes, S. (2023) · Journal of Health Organization and Management · doi:10.1108/jhom-06-2023-0200 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Why and When Do Employees Feel Guilty About Observing Supervisor Ostracism? The Critical Roles of Observers’ Silence Behavior and Leader–Member Exchange Quality
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The Public Hospital Exodus: Unraveling the Interplay of Turnover Intentions and Organizational Politics
Obeng, H. A., & Atan, T. (2025) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440251337902 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
How does goal orientation affect employees’ innovation behavior: Data from China
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Motivational cultural intelligence and well-being in cross-cultural workplaces: a study of migrant workers in Taiwan
Yang, C. (2023) · Employee Relations · doi:10.1108/er-01-2021-0026 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
How teams can overcome silence: The roles of humble leadership and team commitment
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The influence of corporate social responsibility on safety behavior: The importance of psychological safety and the authentic leadership
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Linking shared leadership with pharmaceutical team sales performance in Pakistan: a dual mediation model
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A reinforcement sensitivity theory view of seeking behaviors at work: A meta‐analysis
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Why and when are silent employees less satisfied with their jobs? A conservation of resources perspective
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The Use of Contracts on Employees: Their Widespread Use, and the Implications for Management
Cappelli, P. H., & Eldor, L. (2022) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/annals.2021.0034 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Engaging the disengaged: the role of workplace spirituality on millennials’ work engagement
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How Does Sense of Power Influence Change-Oriented Organizational Citizenship Behavior? Evidence from China
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He-said, she-said: A family science and gendered perspective of communication in small family businesses
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Despotic leadership and followers creativity: exploring the combined effects of power distance and psychological safety
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Effect of Implicit Voice Theories on Employee Constructive Voice and Defensive Silence: A Study in Education and Health Sector
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“I Just Need to Say Something”: A Self‐Determination Model of Voice
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Effect of perceived job risk on organizational conflict in tourism organizations: Examining the roles of employee responsible behavior and employee silence
Yu, J., Xie, C., & Huang, S. S. (2022) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2022.08.009 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Associations between burnout, employee silence and voice: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Lainidi, O., Johnson, J., Griffin, B. L., Koutsimani, P., Mouratidis, C., Keyworth, C., & O'Connor, D. B. (2025) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2025.2509074 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
An Impetus for Voice/Silence Research: Uncovering New Drivers and Contingencies
Burris, E. R. (2014) · Academy of Management Proceedings · doi:10.5465/ambpp.2014.11753symposium
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Authors: Sherf, E. N., Parke, M. R., & Isaakyan, S.
Affiliations: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
University of Pennsylvania (US)
Erasmus University Rotterdam (NL)
ORCID: Sherf, Elad N.
Parke, Michael R.
Isaakyan, Sofya
Venue: Academy of Management Journal
Publisher: Academy of Management
Published: 2021-02
Volume: 64
Issue: 1
Pages: 114-148
ISSN: 0001-4273 (ISSN-L)
1948-0989
DOI: 10.5465/amj.2018.1428
OpenAlex: W3005288118
Semantic Scholar: 8090554c1ccb1981f5645fad8304e76f92b063b3
Cited by: 349
References: 248
Citations by year: 2026: 68 · 2025: 76 · 2024: 82 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 4
FWCI: 32.95
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
pure.eur.nl
Licence: other-oa
Locations: Academy of Management Journal (publishedVersion)
EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
London Business School Research Online (London Business School) (acceptedVersion)
EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
UNC Libraries
Topics: Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
Social Sciences › Public Administration › Labor Movements and Unions
Keywords: employee voice, employee silence, perceived impact, psychological safety, burnout, behavioral activation system, behavioral inhibition system, workplace dissent

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Distinguishing Voice and Silence at Work: Unique Relationships with Perceived Impact, Psychological Safety, and Burnout

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