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Cited by 80Glycosylation and Glycoproteins ResearchCarbohydrate Chemistry and SynthesisBlood groups and transfusion

Why Is N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid Rare in the Vertebrate Brain?

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Davies, Leela R. L., Varki, Ajit·2013·Topics in Current Chemistry
DOI 10.1007/128_2013_419PMC PMC4026345
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Abstract

The sialic acids N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) differ by a single oxygen atom and are widely found at the terminal position of glycans on vertebrate cell surfaces. In animals capable of synthesizing Neu5Gc, most tissues and cell types express both sialic acids, in proportions that vary between species. However, it has long been noted that Neu5Gc is consistently expressed at trace to absent levels in the brains of all vertebrates studied to date. Although several reports have claimed to find low levels of Neu5Gc-containing glycans in neural tissue, no study definitively excludes the possibility of contamination with glycans from non-neural cell types. This distribution of a molecule - prominently but variably expressed in extraneural tissues but very low or absent in the brain - is, to our knowledge, unique. The evolutionarily conserved brain-specific suppression of Neu5Gc may indicate that its presence is toxic to this organ; however, no studies to date have directly addressed this very interesting question. Here we provide a historical background to this issue and discuss potential mechanisms causing the suppression of Neu5Gc expression in brain tissue, as well as mechanisms by which Neu5Gc may exert the presumed toxicity. Finally, we discuss future approaches towards understanding the mechanisms and implications of this unusual finding.

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  • Despite detrimental effects of Neu5Gc epitopes on immunogenicity of decellularized heart valves and dermal grafts, neurons are privileged of Neu5Gc expression.

    “Despite the detrimental effects of these epitopes on the immunogenicity of decellularized heart valves [137, 138, 142], and dermal grafts, neurons are privileged of Neu5Gc expression [131, 137, 143].”

    From Immunogenicity of decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds: a bottleneck in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (2023) · cites this paper as [143]

    Section 7 says neural cells do not express Neu5Gc and suggests that CMAH downregulation is characteristic of the neural lineage. But Section 6.4 says Neu5Gc may be expressed in peripheral nerves, and Section 11.2 says cell-specific expression within the CNS remains unresolved. The source therefore supports low Neu5Gc expression in the vertebrate brain, not an unqualified claim about all neurons. The graft-immunogenicity clause carries separate citations. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Neu5Gc expression level is a tissue-dependent issue.

    “Neu5Gc expression level is a tissue-dependent issue.”

    From Immunogenicity of decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds: a bottleneck in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (2023) · cites this paper as [143]

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Authors
Davies, L. R. L., & Varki, A.
Affiliations
University of California San Diego (US)
Corresponding author
Varki, Ajit
ORCID
Venue
Topics in Current Chemistry
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published
2013
Volume
366
Pages
31-54
ISSN
  • 0340-1022 (ISSN-L)
  • 1436-5049
DOI
10.1007/128_2013_419
PMC
PMC4026345
OpenAlex
W2138690460
Cited by
80
References
3
Citations by year
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FWCI
7.42
Type
book chapter
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations
  • Topics in current chemistry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM007198)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Glycosylation and Glycoproteins Research
  • Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Carbohydrate Chemistry and Synthesis
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Blood groups and transfusion
Keywords
N-glycolylneuraminic acid, N-acetylneuraminic acid, sialic acid, glycans, vertebrate brain
MeSH terms
Animals, Brain, Brain Chemistry, Cell Membrane, Biological Evolution, Gangliosides, Humans, Mixed Function Oxygenases, Neuraminic Acids, Neurons, Organ Specificity, Polysaccharides, Species Specificity, Gene Expression, N-Acetylneuraminic Acid

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