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Archaeology and Left in Colombia
Abstract
Colombia is not a country of dictatorships. It is usually known for its civic tradition, alien to military governments (Deas 1999). These circumstances do not imply that repression did not exist in Colombia or that archaeologists did not suffer persecution – especially during Laureano Gómez’s conservative administration (1950–1951, 1953). But the thing is that the most well-known academic magazine in the country, La Revista Colombiana de Antropología (The Colombian Journal of Anthropology), first appeared during Lieutenant-General Gustavo Rojas Pinilla’s government (1953–1957). He was practically the only dictator Colombians had to endure in the twentieth century. His military populist and corrupt regime – which initially had consensus among traditional political parties – was not interested in persecuting archaeologists, whose work was perceived as politically neutral. For that reason, Pinilla’s government bore no comparison to dictatorships in the Southern Cone of South America, where military forces attacked universities and condemned researchers to exile. In contrast to other Latin American countries, Colombia did not develop an explicitly Marxist archaeology. However, it developed a Marxist sociology, history, economy and even anthropology (Miranda 1984). If Marxist archaeology was not able to succeed in Colombia, then it becomes necessary to look for its causes – not in political repression, but in the particular evolution of the discipline in the country.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This chapter argues that although Colombia did not develop an explicitly Marxist archaeology, a leftist intellectual tradition engaged the pre-Hispanic past between 1930 and 1980. That tradition criticized culture-history but largely failed to break with its core ideas or to ground interpretations in archaeological evidence.
Key findings
- Colombia did not develop an explicitly Marxist archaeology; culture-history remained dominant for the last 50 years, and processual archaeology did not come to the fore. Leftist thinkers active between 1930 and 1980—including Antonio García, Ignacio Torres Giraldo, Guillermo Hernández Rodríguez, Diego Montaña, Francisco Posada, José Rozo, and Hermes Tovar—studied the pre-Hispanic past from outside the discipline.
- These leftist/Marxist works criticized archaeology’s supposed neutrality and normative definition of culture, but often reproduced culture-history’s main ideas: migrations, diffusion, environmental determinism, racial notions, and naive ethnographic comparisons, with little use of archaeological information.
- In the 1970s, Marxist influence in Colombian universities produced books on Muisca/Chibcha social organization (e.g., Posada c. 1970; Tovar 1974, 1978; Rozo 1978; Sózina 1978), but their impact was limited; Sózina’s work lacked precision and its Marxist approach added little to nineteenth-century classic studies on the Muiscas.
- Only two professional archaeologists in Colombia adopted “social archaeology” under the influence of Mario Sanoja and Iraida Vargas—Angulo Valdéz (1995) and Rodríguez (2002)—but their archaeological sequences were described in conventional cultural-ecological terms, showing an enormous legacy of culture-history and cultural-ecology.
Methods
- Historical and intellectual analysis of published works and debates, focusing on leftist and Marxist writings on the pre-Hispanic past in Colombia from 1930 to 1980, with comparisons to Cuba, Peru, Mexico, and Venezuela.
- No archaeological fieldwork or new empirical data are presented; the chapter relies on bibliographic sources, chronicles, and secondary literature.
- The main analysis is a qualitative critique of how Marxist/leftist interpretations related to culture-history and to the archaeological record.
Limitations
- Stated in the paper: leftist models were distant from empirical investigations; discussion of how scientific categories articulated with the archaeological record was non-existent or almost non-existent; they adopted ideas uncritically—including environmental influence, migrations, diffusion, and some notions of race—and could not elaborate a concept of culture different from normative institutional archaeology.
- Stated in the paper: culture-history distrusted and still distrusts any idea of change; Marxist empirical and methodological results were limited; Latin American Marxist archaeology often remained within traditional archaeology or culture-history.
- Evident from the text: the chapter is an interpretive historiographical essay without systematic sampling or quantitative assessment; claims about “most” archaeologists or works rely on the author’s synthesis rather than presented data.
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- Interpretationreasoning§ Introduction · p. 1
In contrast to other Latin American countries, Colombia did not develop an explicitly Marxist archaeology.
“In contrast to other Latin American countries, Colombia did not develop an explicitly Marxist archaeology.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · p. 1 · plain
“Colombia is one of the few Latin American countries where Marxist archaeology did not develop, and processual archaeology did not come to the fore.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Also stated in: § Introduction · p. 1 · plain
- Premisecitation§ Introduction · p. 1
Culture-history has been the dominant paradigm of Colombian archaeology for the last 50 years.
“Culture-history has been the dominant paradigm of Colombian archaeology for the last 50 years.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Gnecco 1995, 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Langebaek 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisenone given§ Introduction · p. 1
Gustavo Rojas Pinilla was practically the only dictator Colombians had to endure in the twentieth century.
“He was practically the only dictator Colombians had to endure in the twentieth century.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisenone given§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 4
In the same period, Guillermo Hernández Rodríguez, a lawyer, Communist Party leader and ideologist of agrarian reform, became interested in pre-Hispanic indigenous communities.
“In the same period, a lawyer, a leader of the Communist Party and one of the most charismatic ideologists of the agrarian reform, Guillermo Hernández Rodríguez, became interested in pre-Hispanic indigenous communities.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationnone given§ Final Words · p. 10
Colombian leftist models of the pre-Hispanic past were distant from the empirical investigations which could support their interpretations of the past.
“They were distant from the empirical investigations which could support their interpretations of the past.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Interpretationreasoning§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 7
Even leftist politicians, those who had the best arguments against culture-history but also defended evolutionism, such as Hernández Rodríguez and Montaña, adhered to a traditional view of the pre-Hispanic past.
“Even leftist politicians, those who had the best arguments against culture-history but also defended evolutionism, such as Hernánez Rodríguez and Montaña, adhered to a traditional view of the pre-Hispanic past.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationcitation§ Final Words · p. 12
The synthesis of the Caribbean culture in Angulo Valdéz's book is described in the same terms as Angulo's work, within the framework of cultural-ecological interpretations.
“Nevertheless, the synthesis of the Caribbean culture is described in the same terms that Angulo's work (except for some sites and time periods); that is to say, within the framework of cultural-ecological interpretations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Angulo Valdéz's (1995)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ Introduction · p. 1
Despite the development of new theoretical currents, Colombian archaeologists seem reluctant to change this archaeological framework.
“Despite the development of new theoretical currents, Colombian archaeologists seem reluctant to change this archaeological framework (Gnecco 1995, 1999; Langebaek 1996).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Gnecco 1995, 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Langebaek 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationnone given§ Final Words · p. 10
In some cases, Colombian leftist models adopted ideas uncritically, including the influence of the environment, migrations, diffusion and some notions of race.
“In some cases, they adopted some ideas uncritically - including the influence of the environment, migrations, diffusion and some notions of race.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ Introduction · p. 1
As in most Latin American countries, an empiric and culture-historical view of the discipline still dominates Colombia.
“As in most Latin American countries (Politis 2002:196; Funari 2004), an empiric and culture-historical view of the discipline still dominates Colombia.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Politis 2002:196
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Funari 2004
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ Final Words · p. 12
Lumbreras explicitly accepted the culture-historical concepts of 'horizon' and 'tradition' which had been previously criticized in Colombia.
“Moreover, he explicitly accepted the culture-historical concepts of 'horizon' and 'tradition' which had been previously criticized in Colombia.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lumbreras (1981:45-52)
- Interpretationnone given§ Final Words · p. 10
The discussion of how scientific categories articulated with the archaeological record was non-existent or almost non-existent in Colombian leftist models.
“The discussion of how scientific categories articulated with the archaeological record was non-existent or almost non-existent.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ Introduction · p. 1
Unlike other South American nations, Colombia did not develop an evolutionary archaeology during the nineteenth century.
“Unlike other South American nations (Politis 1988, 1995), Colombia did not develop an evolutionary archaeology during the nineteenth century.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Politis 1988, 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisenone given§ Introduction · p. 1
In contrast to Mexican, Peruvian and Venezuelan researchers, Colombian archaeologists were not interested in Marxism.
“In contrast to Mexican, Peruvian and Venezuelan researchers, Colombian archaeologists were not interested in Marxism.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisenone given§ Introduction · p. 1
Processual archaeology did not come to the fore in Colombia.
“Colombia is one of the few Latin American countries where Marxist archaeology did not develop, and processual archaeology did not come to the fore.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Final Words · p. 10
Colombian leftist models of the pre-Hispanic past were full of problems.
“However, Colombian leftist models of the pre-Hispanic past were full of problems.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisereasoning§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 3
In a national context, two different circumstances allowed some scholars to abandon culture-history and develop new investigations on the indigenous past.
“In a national context, two different circumstances allowed some scholars to abandon culture-history and develop new investigations on the indigenous past.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given§ Final Words · p. 10
In other cases, Colombian leftist models simply adopted typological schemas to classify ethnographical and archaeological information with little critical analysis.
“In other cases, they simply adopted typological schemas to classify ethnographical and archaeological information with little critical analysis.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ The Development of Culture-History · p. 3
The answer of contemporary researchers - such as Hernández de Alba - to culture-history's 'neutrality' and 'objectivity' was to abandon archaeology and turn to applied anthropology.
“The answer of contemporary researchers - such as Hernández de Alba (Langebaek 2003) - to culture-history's 'neutrality' and 'objectivity' was to abandon archaeology and turn to applied anthropology.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Langebaek 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationnone given§ Final Words · p. 10
Colombian leftist models could not elaborate a concept of culture different from the normative conception of institutional archaeology.
“They could not elaborate a concept of culture different from the normative conception of institutional archaeology.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ Final Words · p. 12
The interpretations of the pre-Hispanic past in Venezuela still adhere to a normative vision of culture and the analysis of migrations, diffusion and cultural influence.
“The interpretations of the pre- Hispanic past in Venezuela still adhere to a normative vision of culture and the analysis of migrations, diffusion and cultural influence (Vargas y Sanoja 1991).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Vargas y Sanoja 1991
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ The Development of Culture-History · p. 3
Anthropologists such as Milcíades Chávez criticized the obsession of archaeologists with describing (though not interpreting) the material aspects of pre-Hispanic cultures.
“Anthropologists such as Milcíades Chávez criticized the obsession of archaeologists with describing (though not interpreting) the material aspects of pre-Hispanic cultures.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Chávez 1986
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ Final Words · p. 11
Most researchers who adopt Latin American social archaeology do not share the same school of thought.
“According to Oyuela et al. (1997:371-372), Latin American social archaeology ('Marxist' archaeology) does not exist, as most researchers who adopt it do not a share the same school of thought. These authors are right to complain.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Oyuela et al. (1997:371-372) source
- Interpretationnone given§ Final Words · p. 12
The archaeological sequence of the Valley of Cauca in Rodríguez (2002) is not interpreted in a different way from conventional works, although it uses categories such as 'social formation' and 'way of life'.
“But the archaeological sequence of the Valley of Cauca is not interpreted in a different way from conventional works, although it uses categories such as 'social formation' and 'way of life'.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Rodríguez (2002)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationnone given§ Final Words · p. 12
Setting aside the terminology employed, archaeologists in Venezuela have been especially associated with culture-history and cultural-ecology.
“Nevertheless, setting aside the terminology employed, archaeologists have been especially associated with culture-history and cultural-ecology.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ Final Words · p. 12
Lumbreras did not criticize the archaeological interpretations based on Reichel-Dolmatoff's cultural-ecological model.
“After a broad theoretical debate on the necessity of using the concept of mode of production, Lumbreras (1981:45-52) did not criticize the archaeological interpretations based on Reichel-Dolmatoff's cultural-ecological model.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lumbreras (1981:45-52)
- Interpretationreasoning§ Final Words · p. 10
Colombian leftist models frequently could not avoid environmental determinism and naive ethnographical comparisons.
“They frequently could not avoid environmental determinism and naive ethnographical comparisons.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ Final Words · p. 11
Latin American Marxist archaeology was sometimes understood in paternalist terms, as it was not able to depart from the paradigm of traditional archaeology.
“Latin American Marxist archaeology was sometimes understood in paternalist terms (McGuire 1992), as it was not able to depart from the paradigm of traditional archaeology.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites McGuire 1992
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationnone given§ The Development of Culture-History · p. 2
Once Archaeology was transformed into a professional and systematic endeavor, its political commitment became increasingly innocuous.
“Once Archaeology was transformed into a professional and systematic endeavor, its political commitment became increasingly innocuous.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 8
Posada focused on the sixteenth-century Muisca society.
“Posada focused on the sixteenth-century Muisca society.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Posada s.f.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationnone given§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 10
None of these researchers based his or her work on archaeology.
“But none of them based his or her work on archaeology.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 10
Not even Broadbent (1964), who had first-hand archaeological information, used material culture to reconstruct Muisca social organization.
“Not even Broadbent (1964), who had first-hand archaeological information, used material culture to reconstruct Muisca social organization.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Broadbent (1964)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisenone given§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 10
In the 1970s, Germán Colmenares (1970), Juan Friede (1974) and Darío Fajardo (1964) became interested in the indigenous social organization during conquest.
“In the 1970s, Germán Colmenares (1970), Juan Friede (1974) and Darío Fajardo (1964) became interested in the indigenous social organization during conquest.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Germán Colmenares (1970)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Juan Friede (1974)
- cites Darío Fajardo (1964)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 8
Posada accepted the existence of an archaic stage dominated by food gathering and followed by food production.
“Posada did not ignore the social dynamics prior to the sixteenth century; for instance, he accepted the existence of an archaic stage dominated by food gathering and followed by food production.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Posada s.f.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 35
- Probably not a substantial claim. 62
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ Introduction · p. 2In Colombia, culture-history grew through the influence of the Boasian tradition, the works of Alden Mason in Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (1931-1939), the French and American missions and Paul Rivet's presence.
“In Colombia, culture-history grew through the influence of the Boasian tradition, the works of Alden Mason in Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (1931-1939), the French (Lehman 1953) and American missions (Ford 1944) and Paul Rivet's presence.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites Lehman 1953 source
- cites Ford 1944
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisereasoning§ Introduction · p. 1Pinilla's government bore no comparison to dictatorships in the Southern Cone of South America, where military forces attacked universities and condemned researchers to exile.
“For that reason, Pinilla's government bore no comparison to dictatorships in the Southern Cone of South America, where military forces attacked universities and condemned researchers to exile.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ Introduction · p. 1Colombia is not a country of dictatorships; it is usually known for its civic tradition, alien to military governments.
“Colombia is not a country of dictatorships. It is usually known for its civic tradition, alien to military governments (Deas 1999).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Deas 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisereasoning§ Introduction · p. 1Pinilla's military populist and corrupt regime was not interested in persecuting archaeologists, whose work was perceived as politically neutral.
“His military populist and corrupt regime - which initially had consensus among traditional political parties - was not interested in persecuting archaeologists, whose work was perceived as politically neutral.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ Introduction · p. 1Colombia developed a Marxist sociology, history, economy and even anthropology.
“However, it developed a Marxist sociology, history, economy and even anthropology (Miranda 1984).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Miranda 1984
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Final Words · p. 11Until today, Marxist intellectual production's empirical and methodological results were limited.
“But until today, its empirical and methodological results were limited.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ Final Words · p. 12In both Angulo and Rodríguez's cases, the legacy of culture-history and cultural-ecology is enormous.
“It also means that in both cases, the legacy of culture-history and cultural-ecology is enormous.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Final Words · p. 13This duty was left to other schools, losing the opportunity to evaluate the strength of Marxism in the study of the pre-Hispanic past.
“This duty was left to other schools, losing the opportunity to evaluate the strength of Marxism in the study of the pre-Hispanic past.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ The Development of Culture-History · p. 3From that moment on, the discipline was transformed into a conservative and even reactionary practice.
“From that moment on, the discipline was transformed into a conservative and even reactionary practice.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 4Culture-history did not shed light on different aspects of social organization which were relevant to Marxism.
“Culture-history did not shed light on different aspects of social organization which were relevant to Marxism.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Introduction · p. 2Nowadays, investigations in Colombia - probably, most of them - use these ideas.
“Nowadays, investigations in Colombia - probably, most of them - use these ideas (Santos and Otero 2003).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Santos and Otero 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisereasoning§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 7In Moscow, Svetlana Sózina published La Formación de los Estados Muiscas (1978). Nevertheless, the impact of this work was minimal, as it lacked precision in the handling of information and its Marxist approach did not add much to the nineteenth-century classic studies on the Muiscas.
“In Moscow, Svetlana Sózina published La Formación de los Estados Muiscas (The Formation of the Muisca State - 1978). Nevertheless, the impact of this work was minimal, as it lacked precision in the handling of information and its Marxist approach did not add much to the nineteenth-century classic studies on the Muiscas.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 8Tovar claimed that it was necessary to make a structural analysis of Latin American history, including the analysis of the societies found by Europeans during conquest and the transformations experienced by these groups as a result of capitalism.
“He claimed that it was necessary to make a structural analysis of Latin American history, including the analysis of the societies found by Europeans during conquest and the transformations experienced by these groups as a result of capitalism.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Tovar 1974
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Final Words · p. 12Both of the two professional archaeologists in Colombia who adopted 'social archaeology' are under the influence of Mario Sanoja and Iraida Vargas.
“Both of them are under the influence of Mario Sanoja and Iraida Vargas.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone given§ The Development of Culture-History · p. 3Probably one of the first Colombian scholars who rejected culture-history was Antonio García.
“Probably one of the first Colombian scholars who rejected culture-history was Antonio García.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone given§ The Development of Culture-History · p. 2The influence of Rivet and Boas confronted archaeologists with racism.
“The influence of Rivet and Boas confronted archaeologists with racism.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ Final Words · p. 11Culture-history distrusted and still distrusts any idea of change.
“However, culture-history distrusted - and still distrusts - any idea of change.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Premisenone given§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 7Some of the first researchers who adopted this perspective were influenced by Marx's work, but also by American sociology. A second generation of researchers was also enthusiastic. They were influenced by the Soviet University and other European colleges, although there were few solid contributions from these institutions - especially, from the first one.
“Some of the first researchers who adopted this perspective were influenced by Marx's work, but also by American sociology. A second generation of researchers was also enthusiastic. They were influenced by the Soviet University and other European colleges, although there were few solid contributions from these institutions - especially, from the first one.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisenone given§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 7The concept of 'mode of production' and, in particular, the definition of an Asian mode of production became popular.
“The concept of 'mode of production' and, in particular, the definition of an Asian mode of production became popular.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisereasoning§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 6In Sociología Americana (1950), Montaña criticized the studies which reduced history to race or geographic determinism. This book did not go beyond the critique of the most questionable ideas of evolutionism.
“In Sociología Americana (1950), Montaña criticized the studies which reduced history to race or geographic determinism. This book did not go beyond the critique of the most questionable ideas of evolutionism.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Final Words · p. 11Leftist proposals did not catch archaeologists' attention.
“Leftist proposals did not catch archaeologists' attention.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ Introduction · p. 1Culture-history was particularly accepted by liberal hegemony, and anti-evolutionary and supposedly apolitical thought.
“Culture-history was particularly accepted by liberal hegemony, and anti-evolutionary and supposedly apolitical thought (Langebaek 2003).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Langebaek 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 5García's statement should be understood in a context of increasing American influence and investigations supported by grants from American institutions.
“García's statement should be understood in a context of increasing American influence and investigations supported by grants from American institutions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisenone given§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 8Like Hernández Rodríguez, Francisco Posada was a lawyer who continued his studies in philosophy in France and Germany. He was interested in the Muiscas, as well as in the agrarian and the community movements. Although he was only 34 when he died, he was chancellor of the Facultad de Ciencias Humanas of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
“Like Hernández Rodríguez, Francisco Posada was a lawyer who continued his studies in philosophy in France and Germany. He was interested in the Muiscas, as well as in the agrarian and the community movements. Although he was only 34 when he died, he was chancellor of the Facultad de Ciencias Humanas (Faculty of Human Sciences) of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 8Hermes Tovar stressed the need to study land tenement structures and forms of work to design an appropriate agrarian reform and understand Andean peasantry.
“He stressed the need to study land tenement structures and forms of work to design an appropriate agrarian reform and understand Andean peasantry (Tovar 1974:5-14).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Tovar 1974:5-14
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationcitation§ Final Words · p. 11In Cuba, most works ritually involve Marxist terminology, but they are closely connected in practice to culture-history.
“In Cuba, most works ritually involve Marxist terminology, but they are closely connected - in practice - to culture-history (see Tabío and Rey 1966; Guarch 1987; Domínguez 1995, for classic examples).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Tabío and Rey 1966
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Guarch 1987
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Domínguez 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ Final Words · p. 12Most theoretical 'Marxist' contributions in Mexico use 1950s schematic proposals and other theoretical models such as Service's sequence 'band-tribe-chiefdom-state'.
“Most theoretical 'Marxist' contributions in Mexico (Sarmiento 1992) use 1950s schematic proposals, and other theoretical models - such as Service's (1962) sequence 'band-tribe-chiefdom-state'.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Sarmiento 1992
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Service's (1962)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone given§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 3Since the mid-nineteenth century, scholars from other disciplines, particularly lawyers, economists and historians associated with communism or the liberal left, found powerful reasons to study native societies and their past.
“Since the mid-nineteenth century, scholars from other disciplines, particularly lawyers, economists and historians associated with communism or the liberal left, found powerful reasons to study native societies and their past.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone given§ The Development of Culture-History · p. 3Except in a few cases, archaeologists - extraordinarily conservative until today - were not interested in Marxism.
“Except in a few cases, archaeologists - extraordinarily conservative until today - were not interested in Marxism.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ Final Words · p. 11The remarkable persistence of traditional archaeology in Colombia might be exceptional, but culture-history is also present in other Latin American countries.
“The remarkable persistence of traditional archaeology in Colombia might be exceptional, but culture-history is also present in other Latin American countries.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ Final Words · p. 11Culture-history resists all kinds of reforms and is immune to conceptual change.
“This theoretical current resists all kinds of reforms. Although it uses the fashionable terminology of the time, it is immune to conceptual change.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Final Words · p. 12According to the author's knowledge, two professional archaeologists in Colombia have adopted 'social archaeology'.
“According to my knowledge, two professional archaeologists in Colombia have adopted 'social archaeology'.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Final Words · p. 11Leftist thinkers ended up making interpretations based on migrations, diffusion and external influences, which are culture-history's main ideas.
“And, as mentioned above, leftist thinkers ended up making interpretations based on migrations, diffusion and external influences - that is to say, culture-history's main ideas.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ Final Words · p. 10Marxist archaeology did not develop in Colombia during the twentieth century, but one or several leftist currents influenced by Marxism in different degrees did.
“Marxist archaeology did not develop in Colombia during the twentieth-century, but one or several leftist currents (influenced by Marxism in different degrees) certainly did.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: At the time, archaeological analysis in Colombia was primarily aimed at describing pottery and defining cultural areas.
- Rests on an assumption: Archaeologists at the time were not interested in discussing other subjects promising in the 1970s.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone given§ Introduction · p. 2These leftist thinkers were active between 1930 and 1980.
“These thinkers were active between 1930 and 1980.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisenone given§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 7The possibility of exploring their own history and shedding light on the origins of Colombian society and social inequality was stimulating.
“The possibility of exploring their own history and shedding light on the origins of Colombian society and social inequality was stimulating.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone given§ The Development of Culture-History · p. 2Most archaeologists who worked (and still work) in culture-historical archaeology were critical of the elemental forms of exclusion - for instance, racism.
“In addition, it is worthwhile to stress that most archaeologists who worked (and still work) in culture-historical archaeology were critical of the elemental forms of exclusion - for instance, racism.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationnone given§ Final Words · p. 11When processual archaeology was introduced in Colombia, its contributions were also rejected by culture-history, a more conservative and positivist proposal.
“When processual archaeology was introduced in Colombia, its contributions were also rejected by culture-history - a more conservative and positivist proposal.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ Introduction · p. 2Although Colombia did not develop a Marxist archaeology (or a school of 'social archaeology'), a leftist intellectual tradition worried about the pre-Hispanic past.
“Although Colombia did not develop a Marxist archaeology (or a school of 'social archaeology'), a leftist intellectual tradition worried about the pre-Hispanic past.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone given§ Introduction · p. 2These leftist thinkers did not share a common perspective.
“They did not share a common perspective.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone given§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 3Since the 1950s, traditional analysis were accused of attaching too much importance to information and little to analysis.
“Since the 1950s, traditional analysis were accused of attaching too much importance to information and little to analysis.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisenone given§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 4Although De los Chibchas a la Colonia y a la República was the more detailed study of the Muisca social organization at the moment, the author included little archaeological information.
“Although De los Chibchas a la Colonia y a la República was the more detailed study of the Muisca social organization at the moment, the author included little archaeological information.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisenone given§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 6Diego Montaña, another member of the party, tried to arouse archaeologists' interest in evolutionism.
“Diego Montaña, another member of the party, tried to arouse archaeologists' interest in evolutionism.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 8The main goals of Posada's book Ensayos Marxistas sobre la Sociedad Chibcha were to identify Muiscas' stage of development within the evolutionary scale, define the notion of community, analyze the family structure, and understand the forms of work and the development of the forces of production. He was interested in national traditions, the society that emerged after conquest, and the impact of文化
“The main goals of his book Ensayos Marxistas sobre la Sociedad Chibcha (Posada circa 1970) were to identify Muiscas' stage of development within the evolutionary scale, define the notion of community, analyze the family structure, and understand the forms of work and the development of the forces of production. He was interested in national traditions, the society that emerged after conquest, and”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Posada circa 1970:6
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisereasoning§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 5García's opinion on archaeologists was rather negative, partly because of his conflict with Luis Duque Gómez.
“His opinion on archaeologists was rather negative, partly because of his conflict with Luis Duque Gómez.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisenone given§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 7At that moment, Marxism was being debated in other Latin American countries. The discussion on the feudal or capitalist character of colonial America became increasingly relevant.
“At that moment, Marxism was being debated in other Latin American countries. The discussion on the feudal or capitalist character of colonial America became increasingly relevant.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisereasoning§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 7According to this perspective, anti-evolutionism and migrations exercised an enormous influence on the discipline.
“According to this perspective, anti-evolutionism and migrations exercised an enormous influence on the discipline.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Introduction · p. 2Although there was not a group of archaeologists who used Marx's work to interpret the indigenous past, there was a tradition of leftist thinkers who tried to do so from outside the discipline.
“In other words, although there was not a group of archaeologists who used Marx's work to interpret the indigenous past, there was a tradition of leftist thinkers who tried to do so from outside the discipline.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 4Torres Giraldo's work was not mere romantic nostalgia for the indigenous past; he criticized romantic views of pre-Hispanic civilizations.
“Nevertheless, Torres Giraldo's work was not mere romantic nostalgia for the indigenous past. On the contrary, he criticized romantic views of pre-Hispanic civilizations.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisenone given§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 7Following Hernández Rodríguez, García and Montaña, some researchers became interested in studying the pre-Hispanic past - particularly, the Muiscas.
“Following Hernández Rodríguez, García and Montaña, some researchers became interested in studying the pre-Hispanic past - particularly, the Muiscas.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ Introduction · p. 1Alternative theoretical frameworks have been surprisingly weak in Colombia, and Marxist archaeology has been non-existent (or almost non-existent) in the country.
“Once again, it is relevant to stress that alternative theoretical frameworks have been surprisingly weak in Colombia, and that Marxist archaeology has been non-existent (or almost non-existent) in the country (Langebaek 1996; Mora 1997).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Langebaek 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Mora 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
Interpretationreasoning§ Final Words · p. 12Deprived of certain terms, Angulo and Rodríguez's works are as Marxists as other works that do not turn to those concepts.
“It means that, deprived of certain terms, they are as Marxists as other works that do not turn to those concepts.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Final Words · p. 13One of the most severe limitations of Marxist investigations in Colombia was the lack of reflection on the archaeological record.
“One of the most severe limitations of Marxist investigations in Colombia was the lack of reflection on the archaeological record.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone given§ The Development of Culture-History · p. 2In Colombia, the heyday of the Liberal Republic (1930-1946) coincided with the institutional support the government provided to archaeology.
“In Colombia, the heyday of the Liberal Republic (1930-1946) coincided with the institutional support the government provided to archaeology.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ The Development of Culture-History · p. 2Once archaeologists set aside political debate and adopted neutral description, they stopped studying social conflict.
“However, the truth is once archaeologists set aside political debate and adopted neutral description, they stopped studying social conflict.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisenone given§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 3The introduction of Marxist historiography in Colombia suggested that traditional historiography did not have anything to offer.
“First, it is relevant to notice the introduction of Marxist historiography in Colombia. This theoretical perspective suggested that traditional historiography did not have anything to offer.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ The Development of Culture-History · p. 3Many leftist thinkers decided to abandon culture-history, criticizing its ideas and offering alternative reconstructions of the past.
“Finally, many leftist thinkers decided to abandon culture-history, criticizing its ideas and offering alternative reconstructions of the past.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisenone given§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 8This small, but active group of scholars (not one of whom was an archaeologist), was interested in the indigenous past and attempted to develop new interpretations of history - keeping distance from the explanations developed by 'experts.'
“This small, but active group of scholars (not one of whom was an archaeologist), was interested in the indigenous past and attempted to develop new interpretations of history - keeping distance from the explanations developed by 'experts.'”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Final Words · p. 11In practice, there seems to be a unified body of theory behind most Latin American Marxist archaeology.
“In practice, there seems to be a unified body of theory behind most of Latin American Marxist archaeology.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ Final Words · p. 12When they try to interpret the pre-Hispanic past, Marxist approaches in Peru and Mexico did not abandon the conventional practice.
“However, when they try to interpret the preHispanic past, Marxist approaches did not abandon the conventional practice.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Final Words · p. 11The unified body of theory behind most Latin American Marxist archaeology is connected to culture-history or cultural-ecology.
“The point is that this body of theory is connected to culture-history or cultural-ecology.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisenone given§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 5Antonio García was also interested in indigenous economic organization, and he offered one of the first critiques of archaeology in 1937.
“Antonio García was also interested in indigenous economic organization, and he offered one of the first critiques of archaeology in 1937.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 5As these studies opposed evolutionism, García must have believed they were useless.
“Anyway, as these studies opposed evolutionism, he must have believed they were useless.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisenone given§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 7In the 1970s, when Marxism influenced Colombian universities - as well as American and European colleges - several researchers used its concepts to study pre-Hispanic societies.
“In the 1970s, when Marxism influenced Colombian universities - as well as American and European colleges - several researchers used its concepts to study pre-Hispanic societies.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 8Tovar's investigation stressed the relevance of understanding the indigenous modes of production in their own terms, avoiding the use of models defined for the Old World.
“His investigation stressed the relevance of understanding the indigenous modes of production in their own terms, avoiding the use of models defined for the Old World.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Tovar 1974
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisenone given§ The Development of Culture-History · p. 3Outside archaeology some scholars became interested in the pre-Hispanic past; in general, these researchers were leftist thinkers.
“Nevertheless, outside archaeology some scholars became interested in the pre-Hispanic past. In general, these researchers were leftist thinkers.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone given§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 5García did not mention archaeological investigations in his work.
“García did not mention archaeological investigations in his work.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 10Sepúlveda stated that pre-Hispanic societies were so egalitarian that they could be a source of inspiration to discuss the existence of societies without classes or exploitation.
“Sepúlveda stated that pre-Hispanic societies were so egalitarian that they could be a source of inspiration to discuss the existence of societies without classes or exploitation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hernán Sepúlveda (1978)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 9Rozo attributed social class organization to the development of agriculture, in contrast to animal domestication, which explained the same process in the Old World.
“Social class organization was attributed to the development of agriculture (in contrast to animal domestication, which explained the same process in the Old World).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites José Rozo (1978)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 9José Rozo (1978) stated that social change went through the stages: pre-state, semi-state and state.
“José Rozo (1978) stated that social change went through the following stages: pre-state, semi-state and state.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites José Rozo (1978)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 9Rozo stated that the Caribbeans were part of a pre-state; some Caribbean and Arawak groups, of a semi-state; and the Muiscas were in the process of becoming a state.
“The Caribbeans were part of a pre-state; some Caribbean and Arawak groups, of a semi-state; and the Muiscas were in the process of becoming a state.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites José Rozo (1978)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationnone given§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 10Many scholars interested in the past, but not in Marxism, focused on topics very similar to those raised by Rozo, Tovar and Posada.
“Many scholars interested in the past, but not in Marxism, focused on topics very similar to those raised by Rozo, Tovar and Posada.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 8Posada pointed out that while resources were abundant on the Caribbean coast, indigenous groups could have lived on gathering, but the Andean groups were forced to produce food.
“He pointed out that while resources were abundant on the Caribbean coast, indigenous groups could have lived on gathering. Nevertheless, the Andean groups were 'forced to open a new path: the strangeness of food provided by nature made them produce it' (Posada s.f:14, the translation is mine).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Posada s.f:14
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 9Tovar admitted that, in many cases, archaeological information was the only way to reconstruct the past of certain communities.
“Hermes Tovar (1974) admitted that, in many cases, archaeological information was the only way to reconstruct the past of certain communities.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Tovar (1974)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 9When Tovar classified typical social forms in pre-Columbian America, the contribution of archaeology was minimal.
“However, when he classified typical social forms in pre-Columbian America (tribal, composed and extended communities; communitarian kingdoms and empires) the contribution of archaeology was minimal.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 10Hernán Sepúlveda (1978) rejected the idea that social differences could have emerged among the Muiscas.
“Hernán Sepúlveda (1978) rejected the idea that social differences could have emerged among the Muiscas.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hernán Sepúlveda (1978)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Leftist Criticism to Culture-History Archaeology · p. 8Posada's work stated that the Muiscas were in a transitional stage, where classical forms of property did not exist.
“Moreover, Posada's work stated that the Muiscas were in a transitional stage, where classical forms of property did not exist.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Posada s.f.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
The paper relies on this without support.
The leftist thinkers discussed (Torres Giraldo, Hernández Rodríguez, García, Montaña, Posada, etc.) are representative of Marxist/leftist discourses on the pre-Hispanic past in Colombia between 1930 and 1980.
“This small, but active group of scholars (not one of whom was an archaeologist), was interested in the indigenous past and attempted to develop new interpretations of history - keeping distance from the explanations developed by 'experts.'”
The paper relies on this without support.
At the time, archaeological analysis in Colombia was primarily aimed at describing pottery and defining cultural areas.
“At that moment, archaeological analysis was primarily aimed at describing pottery and defining cultural areas.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Archaeologists at the time were not interested in discussing other subjects promising in the 1970s.
“Nevertheless, archaeologists were not interested in discussing other subjects which were promising in the 1970s - not only for Marxist researchers, but also for those who shared their interest in evolutionism.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Latin American archaeologists usually argue that they share a common practice ('social archaeology').
“Latin American archaeologists usually argue that they share a common practice ('social archaeology').”
Citations
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Cited by
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Metadata
- Authors
- Langebaek, C. H.
- Affiliations
- Universidad de Los Andes (CO)
- Corresponding author
- Langebaek, Carl Henrik
- Venue
- Contributions To Global Historical Archaeology
- Publisher
- Springer New York
- Published
- 2009
- Pages
- 9-23
- ISSN
- 1574-0439 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W189066610
- Cited by
- 0
- References
- 30
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Contributions To Global Historical Archaeology/Contributions to global historical archaeology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › History and Politics in Latin America
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Historical Studies in Latin America
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Historical Studies in Central America
- Keywords
- Marxist archaeology, left-wing politics, Colombian archaeology, Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, military dictatorship, history of archaeology
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