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Design of Observational Studies
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“Interestingly, this score has a balancing property that states that if customers have the same propensity score, then the difference in their risk characteristics is independent of the assigned treatment, or 𝑇 𝑖 ⟂ 𝑿 𝑖 |𝜋(𝑡 𝑐 , 𝑿 𝑖 ) ∀𝑐 ∈ {1, … , 𝐶} (Guo & Fraser, 2009;Imbens, 2004;Rosenbaum, 2010).”
From Customer price sensitivities in competitive insurance markets (2022) · cites this paper as Rosenbaum, 2010
In the citing paper
“We recognize, of course, that quasi-experimental methods such as instrumental variables and regression discontinuity designs allow for causal conclusions to be drawn from observational snapshots when investigators make strong, explicit assumptions and articulate a credible identification strategy 27-30 .”
From Quantifying the prevalence and impact of overreaching causal claims in social science (2026) · cites this paper as [27]
Citations
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The Bias Due to Incomplete Matching
Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1985) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2530647 · Cited by 532
Self-citationDoes Cardiac Transplantation Prolong Life?
Gail, M. H. (1972) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-76-5-815 · Cited by 124
Causal Inference in Randomized Experiments
Rosenbaum, P. R. (2009) · Springer series in statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1213-8_2 · Cited by 10
Self-citationCompeting Theories Structure Design
Rosenbaum, P. R. (2009) · Springer series in statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1213-8_4 · Cited by 4
Self-citationTwo Simple Models for Observational Studies
Rosenbaum, P. R. (2009) · Springer series in statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1213-8_3 · Cited by 3
Self-citationUncommon but Dramatic Responses to Treatment
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Self-citationCausal Inference in Randomized Experiments
Rosenbaum, P. R. (2021) · Chapman & Hall/CRC eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781003039648-ch1 · Cited by 2
Self-citationInternal and External Validity
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Estimating heterogeneous treatment effects for latent subgroups in observational studies
Kim, H. J., Lu, B., Nehus, E., & Kim, M.-O. (2018) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.7970 · Cited by 10
Fischer, F., Sinha, S. B., Kurz, D. J., Eberli, F. R., Senn, O., Zbinden, R., Held, U., & Meyer, M. R. (2020) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.09.054 · Cited by 8
Auerbach, J., & Pierson, S. (2021) · Statistics and Public Policy · doi:10.1080/2330443x.2021.1906806 · Cited by 8
Calderazzo, S., Tarima, S. S., Reid, C., Flournoy, N., Friede, T., Geller, N. L., Rosenberger, J. L., Stallard, N., Ursino, M., Vandemeulebroecke, M., et al. (2023) · Statistics in Biopharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1080/19466315.2023.2211023 · Cited by 8
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Telling business stories as fellowship-tales
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Incident Diabetes and Mobility Limitations: Reducing Bias Through Risk-set Matching
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Rocco, G., Petitti, T., Martucci, N., Piccirillo, M. C., Rocca, A. L., Manna, C. L., Luca, G. D., Morabito, A., Chirico, A., Franco, R., et al. (2016) · PubMed · Cited by 8
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“The balance within matched pairs and between matched and unmatched pairs was assessed using the standardized mean differences (SMD) (Rosenbaum, 2010).”
MethodInfluentialComorbidities Before and After the Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Matched Longitudinal Study
Tatangelo, M., TOMLINSON, G. A., Keystone, E. C., Paterson, J. M., Bansback, N. J., & Bombardier, C. (2020) · ACR Open Rheumatology · doi:10.1002/acr2.11182 · Cited by 8
“The benefit of having a larger pool of eligible controls is the ability to match patients who are more similar in past medical history compared with an RA case (31,38).”
ResultResearch Design: Toward a Realistic Role for Causal Analysis
Smith, H. L. (2013) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6094-3_4 · Cited by 9
Human Mate Selection and Addiction: a Conceptual Critique
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Epidemiologische Beiträge zur Klinischen Psychologie
Wïttchen, H., & Jacobi, F. (2011) · Springer-Lehrbuch · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-13018-2_3 · Cited by 9
Efeitos da exposição aos fatores de risco comportamentais à saúde sobre o atraso escolar no Brasil
de Almeida, A. T. C., & Júnior, I. T. D. A. (2016) · Revista Brasileira de Economia · doi:10.5935/0034-7140.20160007 · Cited by 8
Stronger Instruments by DesignPreprint
Keele, L. J., & Morgan, J. W. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2280347 · Cited by 8
Approximate Balancing Weights: Characterizations from a Shrinkage Estimation PerspectivePreprint
Wang, Z., & Zubizarreta, J. R. (2017) · arXiv (Cornell University) · Cited by 8
Hypothesis Tests That Are Robust to Choice of Matching MethodPreprint
Morucci, M., Noor‐E‐Alam, M., & Rudin, C. D. (2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · Cited by 7
Caughey, D., Dafoe, A., Li, X., & Miratrix, L. W. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2101.09195 · Cited by 8
Comparative Politics: Taking Stock and Looking ForwardPreprint
Munck, G. L. (2010) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 8
Housing Assistance, Poverty, and Material Hardships
Cai, J. Y. (2022) · Housing Policy Debate · doi:10.1080/10511482.2022.2141581 · Cited by 7
“Although this is an inherent limitation of the PSM approach and conventional statistical analyses, it enabled us to gain a closer estimation of housing assistance ’ s antipoverty effects compared to results without matching (Rosenbaum, 2010; Rosenbaum & Rubin, 1983).”
ResultAerts, R., Calster, H. V., Ozen, M., Benchrih, R., Heyman, S., Swerts, E., Wuyts, A., Lammens, L., Lommelen, E., Leone, M., et al. (2025) · Urban forestry & urban greening · doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128680 · Cited by 9
Does microservice adoption impact the velocity? A cohort study
Saarimäki, N., Robredo, M., Lenarduzzi, V., Vegas, S., Juristo, N., & Taibi, D. (2025) · Empirical Software Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10664-025-10673-7 · Cited by 7
“The matching criteria can consist of one or a combination of several variables and the matching can be conducted using several different algorithms (Rosenbaum 2010).”
Deliberate Differentiation by the Chinese State: Outsourcing Responsibility for Governance
Sun, T. (2019) · The China Quarterly · doi:10.1017/s0305741019000420 · Cited by 8
“35 Rosenbaum 2010. enquiring about starting a new CSO is something done commonly at the local level, according to the CSO interviews.”
BackgroundEconometría de evaluación de impacto
Núñez, L. G. (2011) · Economía · doi:10.18800/economia.201101.004 · Cited by 9
Roy, J. A., & Hennessy, S. (2011) · Statistics in Biosciences · doi:10.1007/s12561-011-9037-2 · Cited by 7
O, A. L. D. L., & García, F. M. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-912 · Cited by 7
Budziak, J., & Lempert, D. B. (2015) · Political Science Research and Methods · doi:10.1017/psrm.2015.74 · Cited by 7
McConnaughy, C. M. (2019) · Public Choice · doi:10.1007/s11127-019-00710-7 · Cited by 7
“3 The exchange also was highlighted by Rosenbaum (2010) in his own treatise Design of Observational Studies.”
BackgroundAndrei, A., & McCarthy, P. M. (2019) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0962280219878215 · Cited by 7
“Instead, adequately designed and conducted observational studies might serve as viable alternatives.(4) For example, Vaduganathan et al.”
BackgroundMethodHeng, S., Small, D. S., & Rosenbaum, P. R. (2020) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (Statistics in Society) · doi:10.1111/rssa.12559 · Cited by 7
“We used a caliper on the propensity score, optimal matching using a robust Mahalanobis distance and near-fine balance for indicators of missing family income or unknown parent’s education; see Rosenbaum (2010), part II, and Rosenbaum (2017), chapter 11, for discussion of these matching techniques.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationJohnson, M. L., Cao, J., & Kang, H. (2022) · The Annals of Applied Statistics · doi:10.1214/21-aoas1535 · Cited by 7
Evidence factors from multiple, possibly invalid, instrumental variables
Zhao, A., Lee, Y., Small, D. S., & Karmakar, B. (2022) · The Annals of Statistics · doi:10.1214/21-aos2148 · Cited by 7
Bedogni, G., Mari, A., Col, A. D., Marazzi, N., Tiribelli, C., Manco, M., & Sartório, A. (2016) · Childhood Obesity · doi:10.1089/chi.2016.0141 · Cited by 7
Tu, C., Hsia, T., Fang, H.-Y., Liang, J., Yang, S.-T., Li, C., & Chien, C. (2017) · Radiology and Oncology · doi:10.1515/raon-2017-0058 · Cited by 7
Relaxed covariate overlap and margin‐based causal effect estimation
Ghosh, D. (2018) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.7919 · Cited by 7
“eir treatment label. The key point is that the SVM denes the region M, which represents the part of the sample for which a causal eect will be estimated. This is in keeping with the idea posited in [28] that the population under study can be a subpopulation of the original population based on observed covariate values…”
MethodEffect of the Procalcitonin Assay on Antibiotic Use in Critically Ill Children
Ross, R. K., Keele, L. J., Kubis, S. E., Lautz, A. J., Dziorny, A. C., Denson, A. R., O’Connor, K., Chilutti, M. R., Weiss, S. L., & Gerber, J. S. (2018) · Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · doi:10.1093/jpids/piy004 · Cited by 7
“Covariate balance after matching was assessed using standardized differences [15, 16].”
MethodMoomen, M., Rezapour, M., Raja, M. N., Wulff, S. S., & Ksaibati, K. (2019) · Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board · doi:10.1177/0361198119847988 · Cited by 7
Surface mining and low birth weight in central appalachia
Small, D. S., Firth, D. W., Keele, L. J., Huber, M. D., Passarella, M. A., Lorch, S. A., & Burris, H. H. (2020) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.110340 · Cited by 7
Namen, A. M., Forest, D., Saha, A. K., Xiang, K. R., Younger, K., Maurer, S., Ahmad, Z. N., Chatterjee, A. B., O’Donovan, C. A., Sy, A. O., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.10006 · Cited by 7
Otieno, L. O. (2015) · Unisa Institutional Repository (University of South Africa) · Cited by 7
Schüpbach, J. M. (2014) · Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) · doi:10.3929/ethz-a-010401958 · Cited by 7
Grunwald, B., & MacDonald, J. M. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_46 · Cited by 8
Epidemiologische Beiträge zur Klinischen Psychologie
Beesdo-Baum, K., Höfler, M., Jacobi, F., & Wittchen, H.-U. (2020) · Klinische Psychologie & Psychotherapie · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-61814-1_3 · Cited by 6
Moss, F. C., Lieck, R., & Rohrmeier, M. (2024) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-024-03168-1 · Cited by 6
“More-over, diverse genres, instruments, or functional contexts have been employed, rendering diachronic music corpora far from being systematically sampled, which is a common characteristic of observational studies more generally (Rosenbaum, 2010).”
BackgroundLiu, D., Wang, N., Song, M., Chai, X., He, Q., Cao, T., Kong, D.-W., Song, Z., Zhang, G., Liu, L., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1425271 · Cited by 6
Balancing scores and causal diagrams
Mansournia, M. A., Nazemipour, M., & Etminan, M. (2025) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyaf114 · Cited by 6
The effect of a “surveillance nurse” telephone support intervention in a home care program
Kelly, R., & Godin, L. (2014) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2014.11.004 · Cited by 6
Zhang, X., Kang, J., Zhang, J., Chen, Y., Dai, H., Hu, M., Liu, Y., & Shang, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.1074406 · Cited by 6
“A sensitivity analysis for unobserved confounding will be performed by using the Rosenbaum’s method to assess the robustness of findings due to hidden bias (23).”
MethodLu, B., Ben‐Michael, E., Feller, A., & Miratrix, L. W. (2023) · Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics · doi:10.3102/10769986231155427 · Cited by 6
Causal Inference in Data Analysis with Applications to Fairness and Explanations
Roy, S., & Salimi, B. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-31414-8_3 · Cited by 7
Estimating average treatment effects for clustered RCTs with recruitment bias
Schochet, P. Z. (2023) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.9957 · Cited by 4
“41 The Shaikh et al. test 42 adapted to IPW settings 24 is also useful for assessing the overlap between ̂ f q = 1 ( z ) and ̂𝜔 z ( 1 − z ) ̂ f q = 0 ( z ) for 0 < z < 1, where ̂ f q = 1 ( z ) and ̂ f q = 0 ( z ) are empirical densities of the estimated propensity scores for the two samples, and 𝜔 = Pr ( q = 0 | r = 1…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAntoniou, K., & Spanoudis, G. C. (2024) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728924000506 · Cited by 7
Kelly, K. O., Valtchanov, D., & Webb, A. (2020) · Accounting Organizations and Society · doi:10.1016/j.aos.2020.101196 · Cited by 6
Li, T., & Lawson, J. (2023) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2023.2254541 · Cited by 6
“Built on this assumption, propensity score is defined as the probability of receiving treatment conditional on controlled covariates (Rosenbaum, 2002, 2010).”
BackgroundThe efficacy of a computer-adaptive reading program on grade 5 students’ reading achievement scores
Campbell, L. O., Howard, C. C., Lambie, G. W., & Gao, X. (2022) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-022-10953-5 · Cited by 9
“…of the CARP on fifth-grade students’ reading scores, we used propensity score matching (PSM; Rosenbaum & Rubin, 1983 ) to create groups matched on key ability and background characteristics and to establish group equiva - lence in observational studies (Graham & Kurlaender, 2011; Rosenbaum, 2009 ).”
MethodCausal inference for the effect of mobility on COVID-19 deaths
Bonvini, M., Kennedy, E. H., Ventura, V., & Wasserman, L. (2022) · The Annals of Applied Statistics · doi:10.1214/22-aoas1599 · Cited by 6
Ex-post evaluation of transport interventions with causal mediation analysis
Zhang, Y., Li, H., & Ren, G. (2023) · Transportation · doi:10.1007/s11116-023-10413-0 · Cited by 6
“…experiment in which the treat-ment is randomly allocated, ensuring the independency between the treatment and potential outcomes, the ATE can be estimated as the observed difference in the mean outcome between treated and untreated groups under the assumption of no interference (Rosenbaum 2010).”
Covariate-adaptive randomization inference in matched designs
Pimentel, S. D., & Huang, Y. (2024) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B (Statistical Methodology) · doi:10.1093/jrsssb/qkae033 · Cited by 6
“Rosenbaum (2010a) analyzed this data by matching each of the 21 welders to one of the 26 controls.”
MethodPairwise Cluster Randomization
Rhodes, W. M. (2014) · Evaluation Review · doi:10.1177/0193841x14540654 · Cited by 7
Culbertson, M. J., McCole, D., & McNamara, P. E. (2014) · Journal of Development Effectiveness · doi:10.1080/19439342.2014.919339 · Cited by 6
Cottone, F., Efficace, F., Apolone, G., & Collins, P. G. S. (2013) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.5868 · Cited by 6
Construction of alternative hypotheses for randomization tests with ordinal outcomes
Lu, J., Ding, P., & Dasgupta, T. (2015) · Statistics & Probability Letters · doi:10.1016/j.spl.2015.09.013 · Cited by 6
Treatment and Long-term Risks for Patients With a Diagnosis of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ
Recht, A., Rakovitch, E., & Solin, L. J. (2016) · JAMA Oncology · doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.4854 · Cited by 6
Matching via majorization for consistency of product quality
Cui, L., Kong, D., & Li, H. (2016) · Quality Technology & Quantitative Management · doi:10.1080/16843703.2016.1191142 · Cited by 6
Selya, A., Engel‐Rebitzer, E., Dierker, L., Stephen, E. M., Rose, J. S., Coffman, D. L., & Otis, M. L. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01096 · Cited by 6
Regression analysis of unmeasured confounding
Knaeble, B., Osting, B., & Abramson, M. A. (2020) · Epidemiologic Methods · doi:10.1515/em-2019-0028 · Cited by 5
“Confounding bias can be assessed with sensitivity analysis and propensity scores (Rosenbaum, 2010), assuming estimates of propensity for each individual.”
BackgroundLong-term use of hydrocodone vs. oxycodone in primary care
Harris, R. A., Kranzler, H. R., Chang, K., Doubeni, C. A., & Gross, R. (2019) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.06.026 · Cited by 6
Gaulton, T. G., Deshpande, S. K., Small, D. S., & Neuman, M. D. (2019) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwz260 · Cited by 7
Nazzaro, V., Rose, J. S., & Dierker, L. (2020) · Statistics Education Research Journal · doi:10.52041/serj.v19i3.53 · Cited by 6
The importance of having a conceptual stage when reporting non-randomized studies
Bind, M., & Rubin, D. B. (2021) · Biostatistics & Epidemiology · doi:10.1080/24709360.2021.1913707 · Cited by 6
Yao, J., Xing-fu, L., & Qiu, F. (2022) · International Journal of Urban Sciences · doi:10.1080/12265934.2021.2024085 · Cited by 6
Fortin, S., & Schuemie, M. J. (2022) · Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety · doi:10.1002/pds.5510 · Cited by 6
Propensity Score Matching to Extract Latent Experiments from Nonexperimental Data: A Case Study
Hansen, B. B. (2011) · Lecture notes in statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9389-2_9 · Cited by 7
Nickel, N. C. (2015) · Journal of Human Lactation · doi:10.1177/0890334415572346 · Cited by 6
Branson, Z. (2018) · Cited by 6
Aiming Right at You: Group versus Individual Clientelistic Targeting in Brazil
Bahamonde, H. (2018) · Journal of Politics in Latin America · doi:10.1177/1866802x1801000202 · Cited by 6
“The matching routine used was the full matching routine (Hansen 2004; Rosenbaum 2010), via the MatchIt R package (Ho et al. 2011).”
MethodJust for the turf of it: Turf replacement as a water conservation tool
Matlock, M., Whipple, R., & Shaw, R. (2019) · Journal of Soil and Water Conservation · doi:10.2489/jswc.74.5.449 · Cited by 6
Kuesten, C. L., Dang, J., Nakagawa, M., Bi, J., & Meiselman, H. L. (2016) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.02.020 · Cited by 6
Rosenbaum, P. R. (2015) · Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online · doi:10.1002/9781118445112.stat02440.pub2 · Cited by 6
Self-citationOptimal personalized treatment learning models with insurance applications
Guelman, L. (2015) · Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) · Cited by 6
Software Composition Analysis and Supply Chain Security in Apache Projects: an Empirical Study
Nocera, S., Vegas, S., Scanniello, G., & Juristo, N. (2025) · International Conference on Mining Software Repositories (MSR) · doi:10.1109/msr66628.2025.00027 · Cited by 5
“There are several configurations to perform matching [48].”
InfluentialCausal Inferences from Digital Behavioral Data
Leitgöb, H., & Keusch, F. (2026) · KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie · doi:10.1007/s11577-026-01050-3 · Cited by 6
“…narrowing the scope or decreasing the precision of causal conclusions by deriving plausible bounds for the causal effects (Gangl 2013; Manski 1995; Rosenbaum 2010); and (iii) augmenting the data at hand with additional data sources to complete the necessary information (e.g., Hünermund and…”
Lindmark, A. (2021) · Statistical Methods & Applications · doi:10.1007/s10260-021-00611-4 · Cited by 5
“Since unconfoundedness is difficult to verify in a given situation results should be accompanied by a sensitivity analysis to gauge the impact of violations on the estimated effects (Rosenbaum 2010, Chap.”
ResultYe, T., Small, D. S., & Rosenbaum, P. R. (2022) · The Annals of Applied Statistics · doi:10.1214/22-aoas1611 · Cited by 5
Self-citationTesting Weak Nulls in Matched Observational Studies
Fogarty, C. B. (2022) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/biom.13741 · Cited by 5
Yoshida, R., Nagata, M., Hirosue, A., Kawahara, K., Nakamoto, M., Hirayama, M., Takahashi, N., Matsuoka, Y., Sakata, J., Nakashima, H., et al. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0231656 · Cited by 5
“2 logits of the standard deviation to achieve a good covariate balance [22, 23].”
BackgroundGrandparental Childcare and Second Birth in China: Evidence from a Dynamic Model and Empirical Study
Wang, Y., & Zhao, X. (2021) · Complexity · doi:10.1155/2021/6693853 · Cited by 5
Khatun, K., & Mallick, T. S. (2020) · Dhaka University Journal of Science · doi:10.3329/dujs.v68i2.54613 · Cited by 5
Stolzenberg, R. M., & Lindgren, J. T. (2022) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/00031224221102072 · Cited by 5
Muroga, A., Escueta, M., Rodríguez, V., & Bowden, A. B. (2022) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2022.08.005 · Cited by 7
Conservadores convertidos: o "efeito Bolsonaro" em 2018
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So Many Choices: A Guide to Selecting Among Methods to Adjust for Observed Confounders
Keele, L. J., & Grieve, R. (2025) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.10336 · Cited by 9
“10[30].”
Using Propensity Score Matching in Clinical Investigations: A Discussion and Illustration
Hosman, C. A., & Gurm, H. (2015) · International Journal of Statistics in Medical Research · doi:10.6000/1929-6029.2015.04.02.7 · Cited by 6
Effect of prophylactic CPAP in very low birth weight infants in South America
Zubizarreta, J. R., Lorch, S. A., Marshall, G., D’Apremont, I., Tapia, J. L., & for the South American Neocosur Network (2016) · Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1038/jp.2016.56 · Cited by 5
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Health-Care Utilization After Hospice Enrollment in Patients With Heart Failure and Cancer
Greenle, M. M., & Hanlon, A. L. (2017) · American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® · doi:10.1177/1049909116688209 · Cited by 5
Optimal Matching Approaches in Health Policy Evaluations Under Rolling Enrolment
Pimentel, S. D., Forrow, L. V., Gellar, J. E., & Li, J. (2019) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (Statistics in Society) · doi:10.1111/rssa.12521 · Cited by 5
Wu, P., Xu, T., & Wang, Y. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Data Science and Advanced Analytics (DSAA) · doi:10.1109/dsaa.2019.00054 · Cited by 5
“Due to the nonexperimental characteristics in retrospectively documented observational data, it is difficult to infer causality or valid ITRs without employing confounding and selection bias reduction techniques [7], [8].”
BackgroundRosenbaum, P. R. (2020) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/asaa032 · Cited by 5
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Metadata
- Authors
- Rosenbaum, P. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rosenbaum, Paul R.
- ORCID
- Rosenbaum, Paul R.
- Venue
- Springer Series in Statistics
- Publisher
- Springer New York
- Published
- 2010
- ISSN
- 0172-7397 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W253646976
- Cited by
- 1,150
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 72 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 115 · 2020: 108 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 73 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 75 · 2015: 85 · 2014: 84 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 55
- FWCI
- 6.61
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Springer series in statistics (publishedVersion)
- CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Access to Libraries (Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), l'Université de Namur (UNamur) and the Université Saint-Louis (USL-B)) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Optimal Experimental Design Methods
- Keywords
- observational studies, research design, causal inference, statistical inference, confounding
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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