Affect and Memory in Retrospective Reports

“Yet, much of the evidence for an unpleasantness bias compares arousing, negative stimuli to neutral stimuli (e.g. Banaji & Hardin, 1994; Bradley et al., 2001; Carter, 1936), therefore providing equal support for an intensity bias.”

“…more readily than negative experiences, and that stronger emotionality/ arousal tends to lead to better recall at longer retention intervals (Banaji & Hardin, 1994; Bower, 1981; Christianson & Safer, 1996; Conway, 1990; Pillemer et al., 1996; Revelle & Loftus, 1990; Thompson et al., 1996;…”

“When researchers look at the objective accuracy of people’s accounts, however, they sometimes find no valence effect (e.g., Holmes, 1970), or even superior memory for negative events (e.g., Banaji & Hardin, 1994; Bluck & Li, 2001; Kreitler & Kreitler, 1968).”

“Although intense experiences are undoubtedly more memorable (see Banaji & Hardin, 1994, for a review), the higher intensity of experiences reported for extended reference periods may again reflect changes in question interpretation as was the case in the present studies.”

“When such emotional cues exist, recall of activities has been found to be accurate [30].”

“The issues with retrospective self-report measurement tools include participant memory recall and response bias issues (Banaji & Hardin, 1994).”

“The intrusion provocation task in contrast is truly ‘online’ in the sense that intrusions are reported immediately that they occur, and this may make it a more sensitive and direct measure in comparison to measures that rely on retrospective judgments (e.g., Banaji & Hardin, 1994; Barrett, 1997).”

“, Kellaris & Kent, 1992), and in fact, similar to the discussion of Banaji and Hardin (1993), our empirical evidence was quite mixed as well. Much of it was consistent with the affective intensity model, in which both factors associated with travel being a pleasure, as well as those associated with it being a burden,…”

“Further, these reports can be considered indicators of past and future intentions and behaviors (Banaji & Hardin, 1994).”

“To overcome these limitations of autobiographical memory, we developed a new paradigm using a modification and adaptation of the experimentally controlled procedure introduced by Banaji and Hardin (1994), which simulates autobiographical memory through the use of imaginary episodes.”

“Previous studies have also shown that positive events are more likely to be recalled than negative events in the recall of personal episodes[12][13].”

“Banaji and Hardin (1994) suggested that the emotional strength of words determined the recall performance.”

“The health change (RandHC) ‘global transition question’ anchor-based method appeared to be non-feasible, which is in line with other studies that declared inaccuracy related to response shifts and recall bias [20, 55, 56].”

“The Rand-HC ‘global transition question’ anchor-based method appeared to be inaccurate, which is in line with other studies that declares the inaccuracy with response shifts and recall bias [39, 50, 51].”