The DOI matches its Crossref record; 97 of the 100 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Emotional Dissociation in Response to Trauma: An Information-Processing Approach
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Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Persistent or trait dissociation may interfere with accessing and elaborating trauma related emotions and memories (Foa & Hearst-Ikeda, 1996).”
From Dissociation and memory fragmentation in post-traumatic stress disorder: An evaluation of the dissociative encoding hypothesis (2012) · cites this paper as Foa & Hearst-Ikeda, 1996
In the citing paper
“By hindering processing, persistent dissociation, similar to other types of cognitive and behavioral avoidance (Foa & Hearst-Ikeda, 1996; Panasetis & Bryant, 2003; Wagner & Linehan, 1998) may contribute to both memory fragmentation and PTSD development.”
From Dissociation and memory fragmentation in post-traumatic stress disorder: An evaluation of the dissociative encoding hypothesis (2012) · cites this paper as Foa & Hearst-Ikeda, 1996
In the citing paper
“Emotional numbing is often considered a key symptom of dissociation (e.g., Bryant, 2007; Foa & Hearst-Ikeda, 1996).”
From Dissociation and memory fragmentation in post-traumatic stress disorder: An evaluation of the dissociative encoding hypothesis (2012) · cites this paper as Foa & Hearst-Ikeda, 1996
In the citing paper
“However, the DES does not assess emotional numbing or avoidance (Foa & Hearst-Ikeda, 1996), omitting key constructs that are positively associated with dissociation and PTSD”
From Dissociation and memory fragmentation in post-traumatic stress disorder: An evaluation of the dissociative encoding hypothesis (2012) · cites this paper as Foa & Hearst-Ikeda, 1996
In the citing paper
“omitting key constructs that are positively associated with dissociation and PTSD (Foa & Hearst-Ikeda, 1996; Foa & Riggs, 1993; Foa, Riggs, & Gershuny, 1995).”
From Dissociation and memory fragmentation in post-traumatic stress disorder: An evaluation of the dissociative encoding hypothesis (2012) · cites this paper as Foa & Hearst-Ikeda, 1996
In the citing paper
“A variety of measures exist for dissociation, and there is not a “gold-standard” (Bryant, 2007; Foa & Hearst-Ikeda, 1996).”
From Dissociation and memory fragmentation in post-traumatic stress disorder: An evaluation of the dissociative encoding hypothesis (2012) · cites this paper as Foa & Hearst-Ikeda, 1996
In the citing paper
“Further, avoidance is thought to be associated with dissociation, as dissociation may help avoid painful memories and emotions (e.g., Foa & Hearst-Ikeda, 1996; Foa & Riggs, 1993; van der Kolk et al., 1996; Wagner & Linehan, 1998).”
From Dissociation and memory fragmentation in post-traumatic stress disorder: An evaluation of the dissociative encoding hypothesis (2012) · cites this paper as Foa & Hearst-Ikeda, 1996
In the citing paper
“Given the lack of strong consistent associations with more objective indicators of fragmentation, dissociation may be most clinically relevant to the extent that it functions as avoidance (e.g., Foa & Hearst-Ikeda, 1996; Wagner & Linehan, 1998).”
From Dissociation and memory fragmentation in post-traumatic stress disorder: An evaluation of the dissociative encoding hypothesis (2012) · cites this paper as Foa & Hearst-Ikeda, 1996
Citations
Cites
Impact of Event Scale: A Measure of Subjective Stress
Horowitz, M., Wilner, N., & Alvarez, W. (1979) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-197905000-00004 · Cited by 7,813
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed
Cooper, A. M., & Michels, R. (1981) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.138.1.128 · Cited by 7,419
Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information.
Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1986) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.99.1.20 · Cited by 5,396
Self-citationDrake, M. M. (1988) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.42.10.683b · Cited by 5,303
Freud, S. (2015) · Psychoanalysis and History · doi:10.3366/pah.2015.0169 · Cited by 5,286
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed
Kendell, R. E. (1980) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.137.12.1630 · Cited by 5,181
Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry
Freedman, A. M., & Kaplan, H. I. (1967) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1097/00000441-196712000-00052 · Cited by 3,825
Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale
BERNSTEIN, E. M., & PUTNAM, F. W. (1986) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-198612000-00004 · Cited by 3,793
SYMPTOMATOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE GRIEF
Lindemann, E. (1944) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.101.2.141 · Cited by 3,308
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Raber, G., & Spokas, M. (2024) · doi:10.4135/9781071886229.n145 · Cited by 2,806
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- Foa, E. B. ( 1993, August). Psychopathology and treatment of PTSD in rape victims. Paper presented at the 101st American Psychological Association Annual Convention, Toronto, Canada.
- Foa, E. B., Riggs, D. S., Massie, E. D., ,Yarczower, M. (in press). The impact offear activation and anger on the efficacy of exposure treatment for PTSD. Behavior Therapy.
- Foa, E. B., Rothbaum, B. O., Riggs, D. S.,, Murdock, T (1991). A prospective examination of post- traumatic stress disorder in rape victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5, 455–475.
- Foa, E. B., Zinbarg, R.,, Rothbaum, B. O. (1992). Uncontrollability and unpredictability in posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 218–238.
- Huska, J. A.,, Weathers, F. W. (1991). Reliability and validity of the dissociative experiences scale in combat-related PTSD. Unpublished manuscript. Boston, MA: Behavioral Sciences Division, National Center for PTSD, Boston DVAMC.
- Janet, P (1989). L’Automisme psychologique. Paris: Felix Alcan.
- Koopman, C., Classen, C.,, Spiegel, D. (1994). Predictors of post-traumatic stress symptoms among Oakland/Berkeley firestorm survivors. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 888–894.
- Marmar, C. R.,, Weiss, D. S. (1990). Peritraumatic dissociative experiences questionnaire-subject version. Unpublished scale. San Francisco, CA: San Francisco Medical School.
- Sanders, B.,, Giolas, M. H. (1991). Dissociation and childhood trauma in psychological disturbed adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 50–54.
- Silver, S.,, Iacano, C. (1984). Factor analytic support for DSM-III post traumatic stress disorder for Vietnam veterans. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40, 5–14.
- Kolk, B. (1987). Psychological trauma. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
- Waid, L. R.,, Urbanczyk, S. A. (1989, August). A comparison of high versus low dissociative Vietnam veterans with PTSD. Poster presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association, New Orleans.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–211 of 211
White, W. F., Burgess, A., Dalgleish, T., Dixon, C., Halligan, S. L., Hiller, R. M., McKinnon, A., Smith, P. A., & Meiser‐Stedman, R. (2024) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12461
Hamzah, K. A. (2024) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.254327
Psychological Trauma as a Risk Factor for Eating Disorders
Burdo, J., Trottier, K., MacDonald, D. E., & Liebman, R. E. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-46096-8_30
Smith, I. N., & Butler‐Barnes, S. T. (2025) · Information · doi:10.3390/info16070598 · Cited by 1
Phillips, O. (2012) · UCL Discovery (University College London)
Thomas, M. (2025) · Digital Commons - DU (University of Denver) · doi:10.56902/etdcrp.2025.212
Kaur, M., Powling, R., & Chapman, B. (2026) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x26100907
KABAKOĞLU, H., & Özdemir, N. (2026) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/jpm.70214
A memory model of presymbolic unconscious mentation
Lockhart, I. (1999) · Unisa Institutional Repository (University of South Africa)
Dawes, S. L. (2014) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham)
Metadata
- Authors
- Foa, E. B., & Hearst-Ikeda, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- ORCID
- Foa, Edna B.
- Venue
- Handbook of Dissociation
- Publisher
- Springer US
- Published
- 1996
- Pages
- 207-224
- OpenAlex
- W73273148
- Cited by
- 210
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 24.13
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Springer eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Keywords
- trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder, cognitive avoidance, numbing, denial, hyperarousal, self-preservation
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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