Visualization of Retinoid Storage and Trafficking by Two-Photon Microscopy
Open accessAbstract
Vertebrate vision is maintained by the retinoid (visual) cycle, a complex enzymatic pathway that operates in the retina to regenerate the visual chromophore, 11-cis-retinal, a prosthetic group of rhodopsin that undergoes activation by light. Many different mutations in genes encoding retinoid cycle proteins can cause a variety of human blinding diseases. Two-photon microscopy is an evolving, non-invasive, and repetitive imaging technology that can be used to monitor biomolecules within the vertebrate retina at a subcellular resolution. This method has the great advantage of portraying endogenous retinoid fluorophores in their native state without the need for artificial staining. Such real-time retinal imaging permits rapid evaluation not only of various stages of retinal disease in live animal models of human retinopathies but also of the outcome from intended pharmacological therapies. Two-photon microscopy offers substantial potential for early detection of age- and disease-related changes in the eye, long before clinical or pathological manifestations become apparent.
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Retinols and retinyl esters, but not retinals, are intrinsically fluorescent, so their transformation can be followed by two-photon excitation.
“Because retinols and retinyl esters (but not retinals) are intrinsically fluorescent, their transformation can be followed by fluorescence induced by two-photon excitation.”
From Chemistry of the Retinoid (Visual) Cycle (2014) · cites this paper as [289]
The Introduction states that retinols and retinyl esters are intrinsically fluorescent and describes using two-photon microscopy to monitor retinyl ester dynamics and trafficking. It does not state that retinals are not intrinsically fluorescent, so the parenthetical exclusion is unsupported by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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Chemistry of the Retinoid (Visual) Cycle
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Imanishi, Y., & Palczewski, K.
- Affiliations
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- Venue
- Methods in Molecular Biology
- Publisher
- Humana Press
- Published
- 2010
- Volume
- 652
- Pages
- 247-261
- ISSN
- 1064-3745 (ISSN-L)
- 1940-6029
- PMC
- PMC4607074
- OpenAlex
- W2396919516
- Cited by
- 16
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 2.34
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Methods in molecular biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Eye Institute (R01EY020826, EY009339, P30EY011373, R01EY009339)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Retinal Development and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Retinoids in leukemia and cellular processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Photoreceptor and optogenetics research
- Keywords
- retinoid cycle, 11-cis-retinal, rhodopsin, two-photon microscopy, retinopathy, intracellular imaging, age-related eye diseases
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biological Transport, Esters, Eye Proteins, Humans, Microscopy, Retinoids, Photons, Mice, Retinal Pigment Epithelium, Molecular Imaging
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