Chatbot Personalities Matters: Improving the User Experience of Chatbot Interfaces
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Chatbot personality has been shown to affect subjective satisfaction.
“Chatbot personality has been shown to affect trust [11,12], engagement [6], subjective satisfaction [13,14], and consumer behavior [6].”
From Interacting with a Chatbot-Based Advising System: Understanding the Effect of Chatbot Personality and User Gender on Behavior (2022) · cites this paper as [14]
Compared to a conscientious chatbot, users prefer to use an agreeable chatbot.
“compared to a conscientious chatbot, users prefer to use an agreeable chatbot [14]”
From Interacting with a Chatbot-Based Advising System: Understanding the Effect of Chatbot Personality and User Gender on Behavior (2022) · cites this paper as [14]
Cites
Trust in Automation: Designing for Appropriate Reliance
Lee, J. D., & See, K. A. (2004) · Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1518/hfes.46.1.50_30392 · Cited by 6,605 · see citing works
(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-3702 · Cited by 4,870 · see citing works
On seeing human: A three-factor theory of anthropomorphism
Epley, N., Waytz, A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2007) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.114.4.864 · Cited by 4,069 · see citing works
Machines and Mindlessness: Social Responses to Computers
Nass, C., & Moon, Y. (2000) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00153 · Cited by 4,022 · see citing works
The Uncanny Valley [From the Field]
Mori, M., MacDorman, K., & Kageki, N. (2012) · IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine · doi:10.1109/mra.2012.2192811 · Cited by 3,542 · see citing works
Emotional design: why we love (or hate) everyday things
(2004) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.41-6846 · Cited by 3,086 · see citing works
Persuasive technology: using computers to change what we think and do
Fogg, B. J. (2002) · Ubiquity · doi:10.1145/764008.763957 · Cited by 1,554 · see citing works
Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]
Mori, M. (1970) · Energy · Cited by 1,485 · see citing works
Lester, J. C., Converse, S. A., Kahler, S. E., Barlow, S., Stone, B. A., & Bhogal, R. S. (1997) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/258549.258797 · Cited by 812 · see citing works
(2002) · Cited by 770 · see citing works
Hedonic and ergonomic quality aspects determine a software's appeal
Hassenzahl, M., Platz, A., Burmester, M., & Lehner, K. (2000) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/332040.332432 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
Emotional Design: Why We Love (or Hate) Everyday Things
(2006) · Journal of Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1108/07363760610655069 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
From embodied to socially embedded agents – Implications for interaction-aware robots
Dautenhahn, K., Ogden, B., & Quick, T. (2002) · Cognitive Systems Research · doi:10.1016/s1389-0417(02)00050-5 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Gender affordances of conversational agents
Brahnam, S., & Angeli, A. D. (2012) · Interacting with Computers · doi:10.1016/j.intcom.2012.05.001 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Mistaking minds and machines: How speech affects dehumanization and anthropomorphism.
Schroeder, J., & Nicholas Epley, A. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000214 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Lee, E. (2010) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.01.003 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Embodied Conversational Agents: Effects on Memory Performance and Anthropomorphisation
Beun, R., de Vos, E., & Witteman, C. L. M. (2003) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-39396-2_52 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Effects of Agent Appearance on Customer Buying Motivations on Online Shopping Sites
Terada, K., Jing, L., & Yamada, S. (2015) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/2702613.2732798 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Politeness in Machine-Human and Human-Human Interaction
Meyer, J., Miller, C., Hancock, P. A., de Visser, E. J., & Dorneich, M. C. (2016) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/1541931213601064 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Affective Conversational Agents
Callejas, Z., López-Cózar, R., Ábalos, N., & Griol, D. (2011) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-60960-617-6.ch009 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Balzarotti, S., Piccini, L., Andreoni, G., & Ciceri, M. R. (2014) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10919-014-0180-6 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Creating Emotional Relationships with Virtual Characters
Stern, A. (2003) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/2705.003.0013 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
FantasyA – The Duel of Emotions
Prada, R., Vala, M., Paiva, A., Höök, K., & Bullock, A. (2003) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-39396-2_11 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
An Adaptive Personality Model for ECAs
Xiao, H., Reid, D., Marriott, A., & Gulland, E.-K. (2005) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/11573548_82 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Towards Emotionally Sensitive Conversational Interfaces for E-therapy
Griol, D., Molina, J. M., & Callejas, Z. (2015) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-18914-7_52 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Affective Conversational Interfaces
McTear, M., Callejas, Z., & Griol, D. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32967-3_15 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Mencía, B. L., de Vera, D. D. P., Trapote, Á. H., & Gómez, L. A. H. (2012) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-2530-3.ch004 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Interacting with educational chatbots: A systematic review
Kuhail, M. A., Alturki, N., Alramlawi, S., & Alhejori, K. (2023) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-022-11177-3 · Cited by 841 · see citing works
Rapp, A., Curti, L., & Boldi, A. (2021) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2021.102630 · Cited by 679 · see citing works
Millennials' attitude toward chatbots: an experimental study in a social relationship perspective
Cicco, R. D., Silva, S. C. L. D. C. E., & Alparone, F. R. (2020) · International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management · doi:10.1108/ijrdm-12-2019-0406 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Haugeland, I. K. F., Følstad, A., Taylor, C., & Bjørkli, C. A. (2022) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2022.102788 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Følstad, A., & Skjuve, M. B. (2019) · ACM Conference on Conversational User Interfaces (CUI) · doi:10.1145/3342775.3342784 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Ebadi, S., & Amini, A. (2022) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2022.2096638 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Big data and firm marketing performance: Findings from knowledge-based view
Gupta, S., Justy, T., Kamboj, S., Kumar, A., & Kristoffersen, E. (2021) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120986 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Improving User Experience of Virtual Health Assistants: Scoping Review
Curtis, R., Bartel, B., Ferguson, T., Blake, H. T., Northcott, C., Virgara, R., & Maher, C. A. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/31737 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Kim, B., Kim, H., Lee, S., Lee, G., Kwak, D., Hyeon, J. D., Park, S., Kim, S., Kim, S., Seo, D., et al. (2021) · Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/2021.emnlp-main.274 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Kuhail, M. A., Thomas, J., Alramlawi, S., Shah, S. J. H., & Thornquist, E. (2022) · Informatics · doi:10.3390/informatics9040081 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Huseynov, F. (2023) · Advances in marketing, customer relationship management, and e-services book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-7735-9.ch003 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Participatory Development and Pilot Testing of an Adolescent Health Promotion Chatbot
Maenhout, L., Peuters, C., Cardon, G., Compernolle, S., Crombez, G., & DeSmet, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.724779 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Communicating with Machines: Conversational Agents with Personality and the Role of Extraversion
Ahmad, R., Siemon, D., & Robra-Bissantz, S. (2021) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.24251/hicss.2021.492 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Kvale, K., Freddi, E., Hodnebrog, S., Sell, O. A., & Følstad, A. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-68288-0_14 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Emotion and trust in virtual service assistant design for effective service recovery
Le, H. T. P. M., Park, J., & Lee, S. (2023) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103368 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Wang, Q., Jing, S., & Goel, A. K. (2022) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3532106.3533534 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Thunström, A. O., Carlsen, H. K., Ali, L., Larson, T., Hellström, A., & Steingrímsson, S. (2024) · JMIR Human Factors · doi:10.2196/54581 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Conveying chatbot personality through conversational cues in social media messages
Heppner, H., Schiffhauer, B., & Seelmeyer, U. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior Artificial Humans · doi:10.1016/j.chbah.2024.100044 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The Turing Quest: Can Transformers Make Good NPCs?
Gao, Q., & Emami, A. (2023) · Proceedings of the conference - Association for Computational Linguistics. Meeting · doi:10.18653/v1/2023.acl-srw.17 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Ma, X., & Huo, Y. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2303554 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The Personality Dimensions GPT-3 Expresses During Human-Chatbot Interactions
Kovačević, N., Holz, C., Groß, M. H., & Wampfler, R. (2024) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3659626 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Greiner, D., & Lemoine, J.-F. (2025) · Journal of Services Marketing · doi:10.1108/jsm-02-2024-0056 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Um Estudo Exploratório sobre Métodos de Avaliação de User Experience em Chatbots
Barbosa, M., Valle, P. H. D., Nakamura, W. T., Guerino, G. C., Finger, A. F., Lunardi, G. M., & Silva, W. (2022) · Escola Regional de Engenharia de Software (ERES) · doi:10.5753/eres.2022.227723 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Heissler, R., Jonáš, J., Carre, N., Mostovoy, K., & Bunge, E. L. (2024) · Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1155/2024/6738001 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Are Generative AI Agents Effective Personalized Financial Advisors?
Takayanagi, T., Izumi, K., Sanz-Cruzado, J., McCreadie, R., & Ounis, I. (2025) · International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR) · doi:10.1145/3726302.3729897 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Singh, P., & Malik, G. (2024) · Services Marketing Quarterly · doi:10.1080/15332969.2024.2349342 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Towards Chatbots to Support Bibliotherapy Preparation and Delivery
McAllister, P. M., Kerr, J., McTear, M., Mulvenna, M. D., Bond, R., Kirby, K., Morning, J., & Glover, D. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-39540-7_9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
When to Say What and How: Adapting the Elaborateness and Indirectness of Spoken Dialogue Systems
Miehle, J., Minker, W., & Ultes, S. (2022) · Dialogue & Discourse · doi:10.5210/dad.2022.101 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A Survey on the Recent Advancements in Human-Centered Dialog Systems
Oruche, R., Goruganthu, S. K., Akula, R., Cheng, X., Goni, M. A., Shibo, B. W., Kee, K. F., Zampieri, M., & Calyam, P. P. (2025) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3729220 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Understanding People’s Expectations When Designing a Chatbot for Cancer Patients
Félix, B., & Ribeiro, J. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-94890-0_3 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The Impacts of Social Humanoid Robot’s Nonverbal Communication on Perceived Personality Traits
Chien, S.-Y. J., Chen, C.-L., & Chan, Y. (2023) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2023.2295696 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Analysis of the Big-Five personality traits in the Chatbot "UC - Paraguay"
Hume, A., Cernuzzi, L., Zarza, J. L., Bison, I., & Gática-Pérez, D. (2022) · CLEI electronic journal · doi:10.19153/cleiej.25.2.10 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Gkinko, L., & Elbanna, A. R. (2022) · IFIP advances in information and communication technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-17968-6_7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Implicit Measures as a Useful Tool for Evaluating User Experience
Actis-Grosso, R., Capellini, R., Ghedin, F., & Tassistro, F. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-78092-0_1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A Review on Chatbot Personality and Its Expected Effects on Users
Феррейра, М., & Barbosa, B. (2023) · Advances in web technologies and engineering book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-6234-8.ch010 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Based on Text Augmentation Personalized Dialog Generation With Persona-Sparse Data
Ji, B. (2023) · International Seminar on Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Information Technology (AINIT) · doi:10.1109/ainit59027.2023.10212566 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Milella, F., Natali, C., Scantamburlo, T., Campagner, A., & Cabitza, F. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-42283-6_19 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Designing a Faculty Chatbot Through User-Centered Design Approach
Stapić, Z., Horvat, A. I., & Vukovac, D. P. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-60128-7_36 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Chatbot Implementation in a Steel Company in Russia
Skuridin, A. (2021) · Advances in e-business research series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-7712-7.ch015 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Let’s Chat Internal: User Acceptance of an In-Company Service Desk Chatbot
Stütz, L., & Riener, A. (2021) · Mensch und Computer (MuC) · doi:10.1145/3473856.3474005 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Linguistic Features to Consider When Applying Persona of the Real Person to the Text-based Agent
Hwang, Y., Song, S., Shin, D.-H., & Lee, J. (2020) · International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (MobileHCI) · doi:10.1145/3406324.3410723 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Çakmak, F. (2025) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2025.2587731 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Nordberg, O. E. (2019) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Wilson, M. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-28241-6_56
Ganal, E., Wiederer, F., Bachmann, I., & Lugrin, B. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-35602-5_24
The Current Research Status of Normal Chatbots and Government Chatbots
(2024) · Advances in public policy and administration (APPA) book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-3665-6.ch003
ChatGPT—A Review of a Powerful Language Model for Conversational AI
Jagnade, G., Sable, S., & Ikar, M. (2024) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-5866-1_21
Integrated Learning with AI Enabled Interactions with Customers by Fashion Retailers
Ai-Shafei, M., Gupta, S., Shin, M. M., Yan, Y., & Liu, R. (2025) · Corporate Reputation Review · doi:10.1057/s41299-025-00246-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Degachi, S., Niforatos, E., & Kortuem, G. (2026) · Behaviour & Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2026.2638907 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bartali, V., Croes, E. A. J., Antheunis, M. L., Bosse, T., & de Groot, R. H. M. (2026) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2026.2677759
Bartali, V., Croes, E. A. J., Bosse, T., de Groot, R. H. M., & Antheunis, M. L. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-26717-7_3
Su, W., Chávez, A. I. R., Lu, Z., Pan, Y., Han, M., & Sun, Y. (2026) · Aslib Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1108/ajim-12-2025-0976
- Authors
- Smestad, T. L., & Volden, F.
- Affiliations
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Smestad, Tuva Lunde
- ORCID
- Volden, Frode
- Venue
- Lecture Notes in Computer Science
- Publisher
- Springer International Publishing
- Published
- 2019
- Pages
- 170-181
- ISSN
- 0302-9743 (ISSN-L)
- 1611-3349
- OpenAlex
- W2935711174
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 2.49
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Lecture notes in computer science (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › AI in Service Interactions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Speech and dialogue systems
- Keywords
- chatbots, chatbot personality, personality matching, user experience, chatbot interface, context sensitivity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review