Gender Bias in Chatbot Design

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Adoption Drivers of Intelligent Virtual Assistants in Banking: Rethinking the Artificial Intelligence Banker

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Contextual Perceptions of Feminine-, Masculine- and Gender-Ambiguous-Sounding Conversational Agents

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Fictional Failures and Real-World Lessons: Ethical Speculation Through Design Fiction on Emotional Support Conversational AI

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A Study of Gender Discussions in Mobile Apps

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Chatbots: A Tool to Improve Public Service Delivery and Create Public Value

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Peer Buddy or Expert? – On the Avatar Design of a Virtual Coach for Obesity Patients

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AI chatbot interventions in combatting marijuana-impaired driving: the role of gender, linguistic style, and hypocrisy induction

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The impact of sound design with AI synthetic voices on the listening experience in audio tour guides

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Who Fears Generative Artificial Intelligence? Scale Development and Predictors of Fears Towards GenAI

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Hey There! What Do You Look Like? User Voice Switching and Interface Mirroring in Voice‐Enabled Digital Assistants ( VDAs )

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) Onto-Norms and Gender Equality: Unveiling the Invisible Gender Norms in AI Ecosystems in the Context of Africa

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A Synthetic Voice for an Assistive Conversational Agent: A Survey to Discover Italian Preferences regarding Synthetic Voice’s Gender and Quality Level

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Sex and gender bias in natural language processing

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Is Gender-Neutral AI the Correct Solution to Gender Bias? Using Speech-Based Conversational Agents

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Exploring the Role of Chatbots in the Recruitment Process in Latin America

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Determinants of Customer Satisfaction in Chatbot Use

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Conversational Agents in Healthcare: A Variability Perspective

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Home maintainer, guardian or companion? Three commentaries on the implications of domestic AI in the household

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Some Examples of Discrimination

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Anthropomorphic traits and user loyalty: exploring the mediating role of perceived value in chatbot usage in China

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Anthropomorphism in human-centered AI: Determinants and consequences of applying human knowledge to AI agents

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Navigating NLU Challenges in Pair Programming Agents: A Study on Data Size, Gender, Language, and Domain Effects

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The Impact of Gender and Personality in Human-AI Teaming: The Case of Collaborative Question Answering

Milella, F., Natali, C., Scantamburlo, T., Campagner, A., & Cabitza, F. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-42283-6_19 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

An Analysis of Federal and Municipal Chatbots in Germany

Traubinger, V., Heil, S., Grigera, J., Garrido, A., Abhyankar, S., & Gaedke, M. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-88045-2_13 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Branding in the Age of Generative AI: A Decade of Strategic Insights from the Literature

Ahmed, E., Arshad, I., Zaka, F. R., Saleh, F., Shahbaz, A., & Hanif, H. (2025) · Journal of Asian Development Studies · doi:10.62345/jads.2025.14.3.59 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

He or she? A male-default bias in Chatbot gender attribution across explicit and implicit measures

Han, H., Lee, Y., Zhang, C., Lu, J., & Wang, L. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100860 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

An exploration of financial services digital encounters in developing countries

Ofori-Okyere, I., & Edghiem, F. (2026) · Journal of Services Marketing · doi:10.1108/jsm-07-2024-0367 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Chatbots as Learning Companions Exploring Ethical Dimensions of AI in Education

Maqsood, M., Butt, H. H., Ali, M. A., Chinedu, C. C., & Ahmad, M. (2025) · Advances in web technologies and engineering book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-2973-3.ch012 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Gender Bias in Conversational Agents – A Barrier for Sustainability in Education

Schlimbach, R., Geers, M., Kook, L., & Khosrawi-Rad, B. (2024) · Forum Dienstleistungsmanagement · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-45146-2_17 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

A Picture is Worth a Thousand Words—Exploring Bias in Inclusive Chatbots

Schlimbach, R., Stoppel, A., Lampka, L., & Robra-Bissantz, S. (2025) · Lecture notes in information systems and organisation · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-80119-8_1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

“I'm not confident in debiasing AI systems since I know too little”: Designing and Evaluating Hands‐on Gender Bias Tutorials for AI Practitioners and Learners

Zhou, K. Z., Cao, J., Yuan, X., Weissglass, D. E., Kilhoffer, Z., Sanfilippo, M. R., & Tong, X. (2025) · Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/pra2.1301 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Marketing perspective of website quality and utility on customer loyalty: A mediating role of trust and engagement in e-commerce (SDG 12)

Zia, A. (2025) · SN Business & Economics · doi:10.1007/s43546-025-00978-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Gender imaginaries in sci-fi and real-life AI and the ongoing relevance of second-wave feminism

Moratti, S., Hellstrand, I., Bruijning, N., & Søraa, R. A. (2026) · Feminist Encounters A Journal of Critical Studies in Culture and Politics · doi:10.20897/femenc/18844 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Human or Humane? Users’ Pluralist Perspectives on the Ethical Principles and Risks of Digital Humans

Willemsen, L. M., Withuis, I., Smit, S., & van Hooijdonk, C. M. J. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-26717-7_5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

The Gendered Nature of Chatbots

Ashcroft, A., & Ashcroft, A. (2023) · Advances in web technologies and engineering book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-6234-8.ch003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Chatbots im Vertrieb und E-Commerce

Pröllochs, N. (2023) · Edition Sales Excellence · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-38433-3_19 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

A Comprehensive Review of Conversational AI-Based Chatbots: Types, Applications, and Future Trends

Vishal, M., & Prabhu, H. V. (2023) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-9719-8_24 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Speculating gender in conversational interfaces

Marti, P., & Varlaro, S. (2023) · International Association of Societies of Design Research Congress (IASDR) · doi:10.21606/iasdr.2023.394 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Políticas conductuales inteligentes: oportunidades y riesgos ético-políticos de la inteligencia artificial para el nudging

Alcarazo, L. O. D. Z. (2023) · Revista Española de Ciencia Política · doi:10.21308/recp.62.03 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Chatbot-Skizze und Proof of Concept

Bruns, B., & Kowald, C. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-39645-9_4

Gender Bender Bot - The Effect of (Not) Following Gender Stereotypes in Conversational Agent Design

Hildebrandt, F. (2024) · Chronicle of computing · doi:10.55432/978-1-6692-0005-5_12

Applications of New Technology in Operations and Supply Chain Management

Mira, M. S. (2024) · Advances in logistics, operations, and management science book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-1578-1.ch005

La rappresentazione linguistica del genere nei chatbot di lingua italiana: uno studio esplorativo

Gargiulo, M. (2024) · doi:10.30687/978-88-6969-866-8/004

Chatbot Personas as a Gateway to Enhanced Learning Experiences

Zobel, T. E. I., & Meinel, C. (2025) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-84457-7_13

Human–AI Comparisons

Shank, D. B. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-86061-4_4

The Experience of Everyday Life Alongside Virtual Companions. A Case Study of Human-Chatbot Encounters

Wygnańska, J. (2025) · Qualitative Sociology Review · doi:10.18778/1733-8077.21.4.03

Designing Older-Age-Friendly AI Assistants for Financial Services: A Mixed-Method Approach Focusing on Utilitarian and Hedonic Motivation

Chen, Z., Wan, Y., Zhang, M., Zhu, Y., & Wang, S. J. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2025.2607551

What if conversational agents’ answers appear correct but are judgmental? Piloting the potential effect on people’s experience

Borsci, S., Haeri, M. A., Schmettow, M., & Federici, S. (2026) · Universal Access in the Information Society · doi:10.1007/s10209-025-01266-8

775 Therapeutic Encounters with Chatbots: Towards a Sociological Approach to Human–Machine Communication

Marent, B., Merkel, S., Petersen, A. R., & Tucker, I. M. (2025) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783111247854-005

The Catalytic Role of AI in Intercultural Communication: Verification of the Full Mediation Effect of Cultural Transformation Among Female Asian Students

Song, J. (2026) · OMNES The Journal of Multicultural Society · doi:10.64446/omnes.2026.01.16.1.15

Gender bias in LLMs: analyzing AI responses on STEM career guidance

Castro, L. M., & Castillo, G. P. (2026) · Cuadernos info · doi:10.7764/cdi.64.98546

When AI Joins the Thread: A Computational Analysis of Gendered Human-AI Interactions on Weibo

Li, C., Wang, Z., Wang, Y., Johnson, J., De, S., & Chen, Z. (2026) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-9877-9_11

Avatars that engage: How visual role expectations, contextual congruence, user characteristics, and perceived sympathy shape responses to shopping chatbots

Ackermann, K. A., Rettenmund, M., Helbling, C., Gut, R. B., Heim, N., & Furchheim, P. (2026) · Computers in Human Behavior Artificial Humans · doi:10.1016/j.chbah.2026.100335

Is ChatGPT Gender-Neutral? Implicit Stereotyping Persists Over Time and With Experience

Steeds, M., Seaborn, K., Fujii, T., Cooney, O., & Gessinger, I. (2026) · ACM Conference on Conversational User Interfaces (CUI) · doi:10.1145/3816046.3816201

He or she? A male-default bias in Chatbot gender attribution across explicit and implicit measures

Han, H., Lee, Y., Zhang, C., Lu, J., & Wang, L. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100860 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

La rappresentazione linguistica del genere nei chatbot di lingua italiana: uno studio esplorativo

Gargiulo, M. (2024) · doi:10.30687/978-88-6969-866-8/004

The Gendered Nature of Chatbots

Ashcroft, A., & Ashcroft, A. (2023) · Advances in web technologies and engineering book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-6234-8.ch003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Are Female Chatbots More Empathic? - Discussing Gendered Conversational Agent through Empathic Design

Jung, J.-Y., & Bozzon, A. (2023) · doi:10.1145/3588967.3588970 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Gender Bias in Conversational Agents – A Barrier for Sustainability in Education

Schlimbach, R., Geers, M., Kook, L., & Khosrawi-Rad, B. (2024) · Forum Dienstleistungsmanagement · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-45146-2_17 · Cited by 1 · see citing works