Are Machines Gender Neutral? Gender‐Stereotypic Responses to Computers With Voices
Abstract
This study tested whether computers embedded with the most minimal gender cues will evoke gender‐based stereotypic responses. Using an experimental paradigm (N = 40) that involved computers with voice output, the study tested 3 gender‐based stereotypes under conditions in which all suggestions of gender were removed, with the sole exception of vocal cues. In all 3 cases, gender‐stereotypic responses were obtained. Because the experimental manipulation involved no deception regarding the source of the voices. this study presents evidence that the tendency to gender stereotype is extremely powerful, extending even to stereotyping of machines.
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Gender stereotypes also apply to computers.
“previous studies indicated that gender stereotypes also apply to computers (e.g., Nass et al. 1997).”
From AI-based chatbots in customer service and their effects on user compliance (2021) · cites this paper as Nass et al. 1997
Even though the intention behind choosing female voices for the DVAs might have been to make users more comfortable to talk with a machine, it in parallel contributed to reinforcing gender stereotypes.
“Even though the intention behind choosing female voices for the DVAs might have been to make users more comfortable to talk with a machine (Nass, Moon and Green 1997), it in parallel contributed to reinforcing gender stereotypes.”
From “Alexa, who am I?”: Voice Assistants and Hermeneutic Lemniscate as the Technologically Mediated Sense-Making (2021) · cites this paper as Nass, Moon and Green 1997
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- Authors
- Nass, C., Moon, Y., & Green, N.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nass, Clifford
- ORCID
- Green, Nancy
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1997-05
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 864-876
- ISSN
- 0021-9029 (ISSN-L)
- 1559-1816
- OpenAlex
- W2094409166
- Cited by
- 670
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 45 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 10.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Media, Gender, and Advertising
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- gender stereotypes, vocal cues, gender cues, speech output
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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