N2O Release from Agro-biofuel Production Negates Global Warming Reduction by Replacing Fossil Fuels
Open accessAbstract
The relationship, on a global basis, between the amount of N fixed by chemical, biological or atmospheric processes entering the terrestrial biosphere, and the total emission of nitrous oxide (N 2 O), has been re-examined, using known global atmospheric removal rates and concentration growth of N 2 O as a proxy for overall emissions. For both the pre-industrial period and in recent times, after taking into account the large-scale changes in synthetic N fertiliser production, we find an overall conversion factor of 3–5 % from newly fixed N to N 2 O–N. We assume the same factor to be valid for biofuel production systems. It is covered only in part by the default conversion factor for ‘direct’ emissions from agricultural crop lands (1 %) estimated by IPCC (2006), and the default factors for the ‘indirect’ emissions (following volalilization/deposition and leaching/runoff of N: 0.35–0.45 %) cited therein. However, as we show in the paper, when additional emissions included in the IPCC methodology, e.g. those from livestock production, are included, the total may not be inconsistent with that given by our “top-down” method. When the extra N 2 O emission from biofuel production is calculated in “CO 2-equivalent” global warming terms, and compared with the quasi-cooling effect of ‘saving’ emissions of fossil fuel derived CO 2, the outcome is that the production of commonly used biofuels, such as biodiesel from rapeseed and bioethanol from corn (maize), depending on N fertilizer uptake efficiency by the plants, can contribute as much or more to global warming by N 2 O emissions than cooling by fossil fuel savings. Crops with less N demand, such as grasses and woody coppice species, have more favourable climate impacts. This analysis only considers the conversion of biomass to biofuel. It does not take into account the use of fossil fuel on the farms and for fertilizer and pesticide production, but it also neglects the production of useful co-products. Both factors partially compensate each other. This needs to be analyzed in a full life cycle assessment.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Nitrogen fertilizer is the main source of N2O emission in the switchgrass field.
“Nitrogen (N) fertilizer is the main source of N2O emission in the switchgrass field.”
From Effects of Biofuel Crop Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) Cultivation on Soil Carbon Sequestration and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [43]
N2O emissions caused by N-fertilizers required for the production of energy plants may offset the effects of energy plants in reducing the greenhouse effect or even exacerbate it.
“Crutzen et al. [43] argue that N2O emissions caused by N-fertilizers required for the production of energy plants may offset the effects of energy plants in reducing the greenhouse effect or even exacerbate the greenhouse effect.”
From Effects of Biofuel Crop Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) Cultivation on Soil Carbon Sequestration and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [43]
Cites
Nitrogen cycles: Past, present, and future
Galloway, J. N., Dentener, F. J., Capone, D. G., Boyer, E. W., Howarth, R. W., Seitzinger, S. P., Asner, G. P., Cleveland, C. C., Green, P. A., Holland, E. A., et al. (2004) · Biogeochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10533-004-0370-0 · Cited by 5,315 · see citing works
GALLOWAY, J. N., ABER, J. D., ERISMAN, J. W., SEITZINGER, S. P., HOWARTH, R. W., COWLING, E. B., & COSBY, B. J. (2003) · BioScience · doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0341:tnc]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 2,973 · see citing works
Environmental, economic, and energetic costs and benefits of biodiesel and ethanol biofuels
Hill, J., Nelson, E., Tilman, D., Polasky, S., & Tiffany, D. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0604600103 · Cited by 2,871 · see citing works
Ethanol Can Contribute to Energy and Environmental Goals
Farrell, A. E., Plevin, R. J., Turner, B. T., Jones, A. D., O'Hare, M., & Kammen, D. M. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1121416 · Cited by 2,823 · see citing works
Carbon-Negative Biofuels from Low-Input High-Diversity Grassland Biomass
Tilman, D., Hill, J., & Lehman, C. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1133306 · Cited by 1,813 · see citing works
Agroecosystems, Nitrogen-use Efficiency, and Nitrogen Management
Cassman, K. G., Dobermann, A., & Walters, D. T. (2002) · AMBIO · doi:10.1579/0044-7447-31.2.132 · Cited by 1,802 · see citing works
The influence of nitrogen oxides on the atmospheric ozone content
Crutzen, P. J. (1970) · Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society · doi:10.1002/qj.49709640815 · Cited by 1,667 · see citing works
Self-citationClosing the global N2O budget: nitrous oxide emissions through the agricultural nitrogen cycle
Mosier, A., Kroeze, C., Nevison, C., Oenema, O., Seitzinger, S., & van Cleemput, O. (1998) · Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems · doi:10.1023/a:1009740530221 · Cited by 1,198 · see citing works
Self-citationThe human footprint in the carbon cycle of temperate and boreal forests
Magnani, F., Mencuccini, M., Borghetti, M., Paul Berbigier, E., Berninger, F. A., Delzon, S., Grelle, A., Hari, P. K. J., Jarvis, P. G., Kolari, P., et al. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05847 · Cited by 1,045 · see citing works
Estimating global land use change over the past 300 years: the HYDE database
Goldewijk, K. K. (2001) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/1999gb001232 · Cited by 984 · see citing works
LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF NET GREENHOUSE-GAS FLUX FOR BIOENERGY CROPPING SYSTEMS
Adler, P. R., Grosso, S. J. D., & Parton, W. J. (2007) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/05-2018 · Cited by 652 · see citing works
The impact of nitrogen deposition on carbon sequestration in European forests and forest soils
de Vries, W., Reinds, G., Gundersen, P., & Sterba, H. (2006) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01151.x · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Impact of long-term nitrogen addition on carbon stocks in trees and soils in northern Europe
Hyvönen, R., Persson, T., Andersson, S., Olsson, B. A., Ågren, G. I., & Linder, S. (2007) · Biogeochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10533-007-9121-3 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Oil Palm — Achievements and Potential
Wahid, M. B., Abdullah, S. N. A., & Henson, I. E. (2005) · Plant Production Science · doi:10.1626/pps.8.288 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
(2001) · JuSER (Forschungszentrum Jülich) · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Damage costs of nitrogen fertilizer in Europe and their internalization
von Blottnitz, H., Rabl, A., Boyadjiev, D., Taylor, T., & Arnold, S. R. (2006) · Journal of Environmental Planning and Management · doi:10.1080/09640560600601587 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Christian, D. G., Poulton, P. R., Riche, A. B., Yates, N. E., & Todd, A. D. (2006) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.11.002 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Crop, Environmental, and Management Factors Affecting Nitrogen Use Efficiency
Balasubramanian, V., Alves, B. J. R., Aulakh, M. S., Bekunda, Z., Cai, Z., Drinkwater, D., Mugendi, C., Kessel, C. V., & Oenema, O. (2013) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/jj.41003854.8 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Uptake and balance of fertilizer nitrogen applied to sugarcane
Isa, D. W., Hofman, G., & Cleemput, O. V. (2005) · Field Crops Research · doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2005.04.009 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Biofuels Engineering Process Technology
Drapcho, C. M., Nhuan, N. P., & Walker, T. H. (2008) · Focus on Catalysts · doi:10.1016/s1351-4180(08)70584-1 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Liu, B., & Rajagopal, D. (2019) · Nature Energy · doi:10.1038/s41560-019-0430-2 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Ortiz-Marquez, J. C. F., Nascimento, M. D., Dublan, M. D. L. Á., & Curatti, L. (2012) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.06260-11 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Current trends and prospects in microalgae-based bioenergy production
Bhushan, S., Kalra, A., Şimşek, H., Kumar, G., & Prajapati, S. K. (2020) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2020.104025 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Malolan, R., Gopinath, K. P., Vo, D. N., Jayaraman, R. S., Adithya, S., Ajay, P. S., & Arun, J. (2020) · Environmental Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1007/s10311-020-01113-7 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Prospect and potential of biomass power to mitigate climate change: A case study in India
Hiloidhari, M., Baruah, D. C., Kumari, M., Kumari, S., & Thakur, I. S. (2019) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.194 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Yang, L., Deng, Y., Wang, X., Zhang, W., Shi, X., Chen, X., Lakshmanan, P., & Zhang, F. S. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141795 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Xu, R., Tian, H., Pan, S., Prior, S. A., Feng, Y., & Dangal, S. R. S. (2020) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2020gb006698 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Blanc‐Betes, E., Kantola, I. B., Gomez‐Casanovas, N., Hartman, M. D., Parton, W. J., Lewis, A. L., Beerling, D. J., & DeLucia, E. H. (2020) · GCB Bioenergy · doi:10.1111/gcbb.12757 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Houser, M. K., & Stuart, D. (2019) · Journal of Agrarian Change · doi:10.1111/joac.12341 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Behnke, K., Grote, R., Brüggemann, N., Zimmer, I., Zhou, G., Elobeid, M. M., Janz, D., Polle, A., & Schnitzler, J. (2011) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03979.x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Shezan, S. A. (2019) · Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy · doi:10.1002/ep.13340 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Life-Cycle Assessment of the Use of Jatropha Biodiesel in Indian Locomotives (Revised)
Whitaker, M., & Heath, G. A. (2009) · doi:10.2172/950146 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Nitrogen Recycling and Flowering Time in Perennial Bioenergy Crops
Schwartz, C. J., & Amasino, R. M. (2013) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2013.00076 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Zaman, M., Nguyen, M. L., ̆imek, M. S., Nawaz, S., Khan, M. J., Babar, M. N. K., & Zam, S. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/32781 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
NOXious gases and the unpredictability of emerging plant pathogens under climate change
Fones, H. N., & Gurr, S. J. (2017) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/s12915-017-0376-4 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Diversifying European agricultural systems by intercropping grain legumes and cereals
Jensen, E. S., Chongtham, I. R., Dhamala, N. R., González, C. R., Carton, N., & Carlsson, G. (2020) · International Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources · doi:10.7764/ijanr.v47i3.2241 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Boscaro, D., Pezzuolo, A., Grigolato, S., Cavalli, R., Marinello, F., & Sartori, L. (2015) · Journal of Agricultural Engineering · doi:10.4081/jae.2015.465 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Tomasek, A., Staley, C. M., Wang, P., Kaiser, T., Lurndahl, N. A., Kozarek, J. L., Hondzo, M., & Sadowsky, M. J. (2017) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.02304 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Kemmann, B., Wöhl, L., Fuß, R., Schrader, S., Well, R., & Ruf, T. (2021) · GCB Bioenergy · doi:10.1111/gcbb.12879 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Bai, J., Luo, L., Li, A., Lai, X., Zhang, X., Yu, Y., Wang, H., Wu, N., & Zhang, L. (2022) · Life · doi:10.3390/life12122105 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Systems biology approaches towards predictive microbial ecology
Otwell, A. E., de Lomana, A. L. G., Gibbons, S. M., Orellana, M. V., & Baliga, N. S. (2018) · Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1111/1462-2920.14378 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Nassani, A. A., Aldakhil, A. M., Abro, M. M. Q., Zaman, K., & Kabbani, A. (2018) · Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy · doi:10.1002/ep.13132 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The Enzymatic Process of Macroalgae for Conversion into High-tech Bioproducts
Han, J., Jo, Y., Sun, H., Lee, E., Chae, U. J., Han, S. O., Kim, J. H., & Hyeon, J. E. (2023) · Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering · doi:10.1007/s12257-022-0265-8 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Samson, R., Lem, C. H., Stamler, S. B., & Dooper, J. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8654-0_16 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Shehzad, R. A., Ayub, K., Al-Buriahi, M. S., Alfryyan, N., Somaily, H. H., Alomairy, S. E., & Javed Iqbal, M. (2022) · Solar Energy · doi:10.1016/j.solener.2022.03.071 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Wu, P., Miao, C., Zhuang, X., Li, W., Tan, X., & Yang, T. (2022) · Energy Science & Engineering · doi:10.1002/ese3.1320 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Dashti, A., & Korzani, M. G. (2021) · Geothermal Energy · doi:10.1186/s40517-021-00210-2 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Identification of Known and Novel Monomers for Poly(hydroxyurethanes) from Biobased Materials
Wang, G., Lopez, L. M., Coile, M. W., Chen, Y., Torkelson, J. M., & Broadbelt, L. J. (2021) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research · doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.0c06351 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Amino Acids Are an Ineffective Fertilizer for Dunaliella spp. Growth
Murphree, C., Dums, J. T., Jain, S. K., Zhao, C., Young, D. Y., Khoshnoodi, N., Tikunov, A. P., Macdonald, J. M., Pilot, G., & Sederoff, H. W. (2017) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.00847 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Biomass as a renewable energy source
Тркуља, В., Lеvić, Ј., Pržulј, N., & Маndić, D. (2023) · Edicija Održivi razvoj i upravljanje prirodnim resursima Republike Srpske. · doi:10.7251/eoru2306001t · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Bustamante-Zapata, A. M., Mejía, C. A. Z., & Quintana, H. A. R. (2022) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings12050520 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Duchemin, B. (2022) · Green Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d1gc03262c · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Temporal and spatial variability of nitrous oxide emissions from agriculture in Argentina
Castesana, P. S., Vazquez-Amabile, G. G., Dawidowski, L. E., & Gómez, D. R. (2020) · Carbon Management · doi:10.1080/17583004.2020.1750229 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
In silico Analysis of Acyl-CoA-Binding Protein Expression in Soybean
Azlan, N. S., Guo, Z., Yung, W., Wang, Z., Lam, H., Lung, S., & Chye, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2021.646938 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Life Cycle Assessment Comparing the Use of Jatropha Biodiesel in the Indian Road and Rail Sectors
Whitaker, M., & Heath, G. A. (2010) · doi:10.2172/979832 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Modelling nitrous oxide emissions: comparing algorithms in six widely used agro-ecological models
Xing, H., Smith, C. J., Wang, E., Macdonald, B. C. T., & Wårlind, D. (2023) · Soil Research · doi:10.1071/sr22009 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A Warmer and Wetter World Would Aggravate GHG Emissions Intensity in China's Cropland
Zhang, J., Tian, H., Li, X., Qin, X., Fang, S., Zhang, J., Zhang, W., Wang, S., & Pan, S. (2024) · Earth s Future · doi:10.1029/2023ef003614 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Biodiesel Production from Fish (Cyprinus carpio) Waste and Evaluation of Engine Performance
Saifuddin, M., & Boyce, A. N. (2017) · Sains Malaysiana · doi:10.17576/jsm-2017-4610-14 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Nouraliee, J., Ebrahimi, D., Dashti, A., Korzani, M. G., & Sangin, S. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-90866-4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Carbon Dioxide Capture and Sequestration to Achieve Paris Climate Targets
Bajaj, P., & Thakur, S. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-86290-9_13 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Salawitch, R. J., Bennett, B. F., Hope, A. P., Tribett, W. R., & Canty, T. P. (2017) · Springer climate · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46939-3_1 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Parola, G. (2021) · Revista de Estudos Constitucionais Hermenêutica e Teoria do Direito · doi:10.4013/rechtd.2020.123.15 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Simulation of a Solar Power System with Fuel Cell backup Source for Hybrid Power System Application
Rahman, M. H., Barua, K., Anis-Uz-Zaman, M., Razak, M. A., & Islam, N. (2019) · International Conference on Energy and Power Engineering (ICEPE) · doi:10.1109/cepe.2019.8726838 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Biochar Sebagai Penyimpan Karbon, Perbaikan Sifat Tanah, dan Mencegah Pemanasan Global : Tinjauan
Sarwono, R. (2016) · Jurnal Kimia Terapan Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Applied Chemistry) · doi:10.14203/jkti.v18i01.44 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Uncertainty Analysis of the Life-Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Energy Renewability of Biofuels
Malça, J., & Freire, F. M. C. S. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/17299 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Kracher, D. (2017) · Earth s Future · doi:10.1002/2017ef000622 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Biocombustibles: ¿son realmente amigables con el medio ambiente?
Flórez, Á. M. W. (2015) · Revista Colombiana de Bioética · doi:10.18270/rcb.v6i1.819 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Biobased Economy – Sustainable Use of Agricultural Resources
Kulshreshtha, S., G., B., T., T., A., J., Verge, X. P. C., & L., R. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/19989 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Yu, H., Ba, W., Dörsch, P., Adalibieke, W., Fang, Y., Yu, L., Wang, C., Duan, Y., Zhang, H., Houlton, B. Z., et al. (2025) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2024gb008376 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Optimization of Solution Condition for an Effective Electrochemical Reduction of N2O
Kwon, O. S., Baek, S., Kim, H., Choi, I., Kwon, O. J., & Kim, J. J. (2019) · Electroanalysis · doi:10.1002/elan.201800442 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Rahmawati, Y., Sendari, S., Irianto, W. S. G., Matsumoto, T., Putra, D. A., & Arengga, D. (2019) · doi:10.1109/iceeie47180.2019.8981414 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Einarsson, R. (2024) · doi:10.56661/2fa45626 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Bioenergy Crops for Ecosystem Health and Sustainability
Baumber, A. (2016) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315733784 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Kumar, S., Sethuraman, C., & Chandru, G. (2021) · International Conference on Recent Trends on Electronics, Information, Communication & Technology (RTEICT) · doi:10.1109/rteict52294.2021.9573541 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Kumar, N., Meghabarot, J., Gupta, P., & Patel, K. (2014) · International Journal of Environment · doi:10.3126/ije.v3i3.11064 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) production in Indonesia: carbon footprint and diversification options
Khasanah, N. (2019) · doi:10.18174/467425 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Fast Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis of Wastes for Biofuels Production
Lee, X. J. (2024) · Sustainable materials and technology · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-4561-6_5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Suelo Virtual y deuda ecológica. Un cálculo para la expansión de la soja en Argentina
Zuberman, F. (2019) · SaberEs · doi:10.35305/s.v11i1.194 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Biomass from Terrestrial Environments
Nisha, P. A., John, N., Rubeena, K. A., & Thangavel, M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-6772-6_3-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Application of Species Distribution Modelling in Agriculture: A Review
Agbezuge, E. Y., & Balakrishnan, P. (2024) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-6547-2_14 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Au, C. H., Yiu, W. K., & Fung, W. (2018) · doi:10.1109/ieem.2018.8607560 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kudzu invasion leads to NOx increase and ozone pollution: Unraveling possible mechanisms
Gupta, K. J., & Igamberdiev, A. U. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1009093107 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Xie, T., Zhang, R., Hao, X., Jin, H., Lee, W. J., Patel, J., Fan, L., Li, C., Wang, S., & Chai, M. (2025) · Journal of the Energy Institute · doi:10.1016/j.joei.2025.102353 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Organic and Sustainable Agriculture and Energy Conservation
Gomiero, T., & Paoletti, M. G. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8654-0_17 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Yenişehirlioğlu, E., & Türkay, O. (2021) · Turk Turizm Arastirmalari Dergisi · doi:10.26677/tr1010.2021.684 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Biofuel Production from Conventional Feedstocks: Challenges and Alternatives
Kumari, I., & Nair, A. T. (2022) · Clean Energy Production Technologies · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-3582-4_1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Performance evaluation of a locally fabricated sawdust fired oven for drying purposes
Egware, H. O., Unuareokpa, O., & Awheme, O. (2018) · Journal of applied science and environmental management · doi:10.4314/jasem.v22i2.2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Challenges to Biofuel Development
Agrawal, P. S., Belkhode, P. N., & Rokhum, S. L. (2022) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119888864.ch11 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Biomass from Terrestrial Environments
Nisha, P. A., John, N., Rubeena, K. A., & Thangavel, M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-6727-8_3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Developing the US Biomass Residential Heating Market
Athiyaman, A. (2018) · International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development · doi:10.4018/ijsesd.2018100102 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wachstumsbeschleunigung ja, Klimaschutz nein
Brunnengräber, A. (2013) · Ökologisches Wirtschaften - Fachzeitschrift · doi:10.14512/oew.v30i4.1309
Permutation Entropy as the Measure of Globalization Process
Miśkiewicz, J. (2019) · Contributions to statistics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-26036-1_15
Lin, H., Pu, Y., Li, L., Nyandwi, C., Nzabonakuze, J. D. D., & Tang, R. (2021) · The Rangeland Journal · doi:10.1071/rj20090
Rincón, V. C. F. (2020) · doi:10.11144/javeriana.10554.13515
(2009) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781848449381.00025
Zhang, J., Tian, H., You, Y., Liang, X., Ouyang, Z., Pan, N., & Pan, S. (2023) · doi:10.22541/essoar.169566477.71146215/v1
Review of Marketing and Sustainability Considering Green, Social and Critical Marketing FactorsPreprint
CHOUDHURY, S., & Dr.Lakshmi, K. S. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4585744
Dialing Back the Doomsday Clock with Circular Bioeconomy
Aso, S. N. (2024) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.113181
Greenhouse gas sources and sinks
Hargreaves, P. R., & Jones, S. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-14082-2.00030-2
Chen, A., Scott, P. T., Gresshoff, P. M., & Ferguson, B. J. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.06.04.657758
Six Questions About Greenhouse Gases and Their Interaction with Soils
Mueller, L., Jörgensen, R. G., Goeckede, M., Chojnicki, B. H., Oertel, C., Behrendt, U., Button, E. S., Schindler, U., Eulenstein, F., Mirschel, W., et al. (2026) · Innovations in landscape research · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-09836-8_9
69Chapter 5 Carbon-negative bioproductsbioproducts
Arango, C. G., Valderrama, C., Ali, J., & Vasco‐Correa, J. (2026) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783112212141-005
- Authors
- Crutzen, P. J., Mosier, A. R., Smith, K. A., & Winiwarter, W.
- Affiliations
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (AT)
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- ORCID
- Winiwarter, W.
- Venue
- SpringerBriefs on Pioneers in Science and Practice
- Publisher
- Springer International Publishing
- Published
- 2016
- Pages
- 227-238
- ISSN
- 2194-3125 (ISSN-L)
- 2194-3133
- OpenAlex
- W4299592724
- Cited by
- 90
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 16.57
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- SpringerBriefs on pioneers in science and practice (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- IIASA PURE (International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Bioenergy crop production and management
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics
- Keywords
- nitrous oxide emissions, biofuels, nitrogen fixation, nitrogen fertilization, global warming, fossil fuel substitution, biodiesel, bioethanol, maize, Brassica napus, Poaceae, coppice, livestock emissions
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
