Robot Rules: Regulating Artificial Intelligence

Turner, Jacob

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-96235-1

Cited by 186Ethics and Social Impacts of AIDigitalization, Law, and RegulationLiterary and Philosophical Studies

Robot Rules: Regulating Artificial Intelligence

Turner, Jacob·2019·Springer eBooks

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-96235-1

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/978-3-319-96235-1

Cites

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

A wave of new AI tools, designed for functions such as document processing or responding to shareholders' or stakeholders' queries, will enhance the efficiency of boards' decision-making processes.
“A wave of new AI tools, designed for functions such as document processing or responding to shareholders' or stakeholders' queries, will enhance the efficiency of boards' decision-making processes.145”
From Artificial Intelligence and Sustainable Decisions (2023) · cites this paper as [145]

Sorted by citations

Anthropomorphism in AI
Salles, A., Evers, K., & Farisco, M. (2020) · AJOB Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/21507740.2020.1740350 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
“…Neuroethics Program, Centro de Investigaciones Filosoficas (CIF), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. and the development of practical guidelines and recommendations (Boddington 2017; Tasioulas 2019; Turner 2019).”
Background
Artificial intelligence, algorithms, and social inequality: Sociological contributions to contemporary debates
Zajko, M. (2022) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.12962 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence and Sustainable Decisions
Zhao, J., & Gómez Fariñas, B. (2023) · European Business Organization Law Review · doi:10.1007/s40804-022-00262-2 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
“113 Turner (2019), p 337. against women, 114 black people 115 and minority communities.”
Background
AI Governance in a Complex and Rapidly Changing Regulatory Landscape: A Global Perspective
Zaidan, E., & Ibrahim, I. A. (2024) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-024-03560-x · Cited by 237 · see citing works
“This can take the form of a regulatory agency for AI (Erdélyi and Goldsmith, 2022), an International Arti ﬁ cial Intelligence Organization; an International Academy for AI Law and Regulation (Turner, 2019); or an international coordinating mechanism under the Group of 20 (Jelinek et al., 2021).”
Background
Access to Finance for Artificial Intelligence Regulation in the Financial Services Industry
Lee, J. (2020) · European Business Organization Law Review · doi:10.1007/s40804-020-00200-0 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Role of Risks in the Development of Responsible Artificial Intelligence in the Digital Healthcare Domain
Gupta, S., Kamboj, S., & Bag, S. (2021) · Information Systems Frontiers · doi:10.1007/s10796-021-10174-0 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“Furthermore, with regard to security, the potentially poor results of AI systems make it essential to include security in the AI development practice from the beginning, with confidence, for every AI system, information, and contact (Turner, 2018).”
Background
Regulatory Aspects of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
Pantanowitz, L., Hanna, M. G., Pantanowitz, J., Lennerz, J. K., Henricks, W. H., Shen, P. U. F., Quinn, B., Bennet, S., & Rashidi, H. H. (2024) · Modern Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.modpat.2024.100609 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Responsible AI Systems: Who are the Stakeholders?
Deshpande, A., & Sharp, H. (2022) · Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI Ethics and Society · doi:10.1145/3514094.3534187 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Right to a Fair Trial: Towards a Robot Judge?
Ulenaers, J. (2020) · Asian Journal of Law and Economics · doi:10.1515/ajle-2020-0008 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Is it time for robot rights? Moral status in artificial entities
Müller, V. C. (2021) · Ethics and Information Technology · doi:10.1007/s10676-021-09596-w · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Some people in the field take the view that it should be seriously considered whether robots should be allocated rights now (Cappuccio et al., 2020; Coeckelbergh, 2012, 2018, 2020a; Danaher, 2020; Gunkel, 2018a, 2018b, 2020; Tavani, 2018; Turner, 2019).”
Background
Characteristics and challenges in the industries towards responsible AI: a systematic literature review
Anagnostou, M., Karvounidou, O., Katritzidaki, C., Kechagia, C., Melidou, K., Mpeza, E., Konstantinidis, I., Kapantai, E., Berberidis, C., Magnisalis, I., et al. (2022) · Ethics and Information Technology · doi:10.1007/s10676-022-09634-1 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE LIMITS OF LEGAL PERSONALITY
Chesterman, S. A. (2020) · International and Comparative Law Quarterly · doi:10.1017/s0020589320000366 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Delegating strategic decision-making to machines: Dr. Strangelove Redux?
Johnson, J. S. (2020) · Journal of Strategic Studies · doi:10.1080/01402390.2020.1759038 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Industrial, Collaborative and Mobile Robotics in Latin America: Review of Mechatronic Technologies for Advanced Automation
Cornejo, J., Barrera, S., Ruiz-Guangaje, C., Gutierrez, F., Casasnovas, M. O., Kot, L., Solis, M. A., Larenas, R. A., Castro-Nieny, F., Saavedra, M. R. A., et al. (2023) · Emerging Science Journal · doi:10.28991/esj-2023-07-04-025 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Moral Status and Intelligent Robots
Gordon, J., & Gunkel, D. J. (2021) · The Southern Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1111/sjp.12450 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Can we Bridge AI’s responsibility gap at Will?
Kiener, M. (2022) · Ethical Theory and Moral Practice · doi:10.1007/s10677-022-10313-9 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Secondly, in strict liability offences, the costs of dangerous activities are normally placed on those who stand to benefit most from them (Turner 2019 , p. 91).”
Background
Governing AI agents
Kolt, N. (2024) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4772956 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
High tech and legal challenges: Artificial intelligence-caused damage regulation
Alqodsi, E. M., & Gura, D. A. (2023) · Cogent Social Sciences · doi:10.1080/23311886.2023.2270751 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“To address fundamental questions of responsibility for the actions of AI systems, society will need to conceptualise new cross-cutting legal institutions (Turner, 2019).”
Background
Paths to Digital Justice: Judicial Robots, Algorithmic Decision-Making, and Due Process
Fortes, P. R. B. (2020) · Asian Journal of Law and Society · doi:10.1017/als.2020.12 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Turner (2019), pp. 4–6.”
Work of art in the Age of Its AI Reproduction
Kalpokas, I. (2023) · Philosophy & Social Criticism · doi:10.1177/01914537231184490 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Defining the Scope of AI RegulationsPreprint
Schuett, J. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3453632 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Human-Robot Moral Relations: Human Interactants as Moral Patients of Their Own Agential Moral Actions Towards Robots
Friedman, C. (2020) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-66151-9_1 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Robots and Rights: Reviewing Recent Positions in Legal Philosophy and Ethics
Schröder, W. M. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54173-6_16 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“As Turner points out, legal personality—instead of being a single notion—is “a technical label for a bundle of rights and responsibilities” (Turner 2019: 175).”
BackgroundInfluential
Vicarious liability: a solution to a problem of AI responsibility?
Glavaničová, D., & Pascucci, M. (2022) · Ethics and Information Technology · doi:10.1007/s10676-022-09657-8 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Turner (2019) discusses two additional obstacles.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The “Why Did You Do That?” Button: Answering Why-Questions for End Users of Robotic Systems
Koeman, V. J., Dennis, L. A., Webster, M., et al. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51417-4_8 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Between technochauvinism and human-centrism: Can algorithms improve decision-making in democratic politics?
König, P. D., & Wenzelburger, G. (2021) · European Political Science · doi:10.1057/s41304-020-00298-3 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Different types of government and governance in the blockchain
Covarrubias, J. Z. L., & Covarrubias, I. N. L. (2021) · Journal of Governance and Regulation · doi:10.22495/jgrv10i1art1 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Swan (2015, pp. 22-25 ) defines DAO is not artificial intelligence (AI) since an AI system has the ability of an unnatural entity to make decisions through an evaluation process (Turner, 2019, p. 16).”
Background
Robots and AI as Legal Subjects? Disentangling the Ontological and Functional Perspective
Bertolini, A., & Episcopo, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2022.842213 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“…Iannì and Monterossi, 2017; Christman, 2018; Gunkel, 2018; Nyholm, 2018; Pagallo, 2018b; Santoni de Sio and van den Hoven, 2018; Lior, 2019; Loh, 2019; Turner, 2019; Wagner, 2019; Andreotta, 2021; Basl et al., 2020; Bennett and Daly, 2020; Dignum, 2020; Gunkel, 2020; Kingwell, 2020; Osborne,…”
Policing based on automatic facial recognition
Guo, Z., & Kennedy, L. (2022) · Artificial Intelligence and Law · doi:10.1007/s10506-022-09330-x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Certain important tools and techniques can be used by all governments to facilitate citizen participation, the two most important elements of which are the provision of information and education about the new technology (Turner 2019).”
Method
A Secure and Privacy-Preserving Blockchain-Based XAI-Justice System
Demertzis, K., Rantos, K., Magafas, L., Skianis, C. A., & Iliadis, L. (2023) · Information · doi:10.3390/info14090477 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
What’s Wrong with Designing People to Serve?
Chomanski, B. (2019) · Ethical Theory and Moral Practice · doi:10.1007/s10677-019-10029-3 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Furthermore, even though the question of AI servitude is not frequently discussed in other contexts, the assumption that there could be artificial beings who are morally equivalent to humans beings (or at least, whose mental capacities and motivations would be similar to humans ’ ) is shared by thinkers working outsid…”
Background
Artificial Intelligence in economic decision making: how to assure a trust?
Bejger, S., & Elster, S. (2020) · Ekonomia i Prawo · doi:10.12775/eip.2020.028 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Doing so the authors discuss how a regulation of AI (or robots) can look like (Gunkel, 2018; Turner, 2019).”
Background
Artificial Intuition in Tech Journalism on AI: Imagining the Human Subject
Johanssen, J., & Wang, X. (2021) · Human-Machine Communication · doi:10.30658/hmc.2.9 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“On a general level, AI has seen increasing developments in the past 10–15 years in particular thanks to the growth of better hardware, data processing, and increased capacity to store and analyze large datasets (Turner, 2019).”
Background
The mirror for (artificial) intelligence in capitalism
Moore, P. (2020) · Capital & Class · doi:10.1177/0309816820902040 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“The authors of Stanford University’s One Hundred Year Study of Artificial Intelligence claim that there is a ‘lack of a precise, universally accepted definition of AI’, which has ‘helped the field to grow, blossom and advance at an ever-accelerating pace’ (cited in Turner 2019).”
Background
Operations of power in autonomous weapon systems: ethical conditions and socio-political prospects
Hynek, N., & Solovyeva, A. (2020) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-020-01048-1 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Among the issues that have been raised are current trends in government AI regulation vis-à-vis those in international AI regulation (Turner 2019); positive and negative implications of AI for the broader issue area of arms control (Din 1987); challenges of ‘framing’ of intelligent weaponry for…”
Background
Evaluating the evidence in algorithmic evidence-based decision-making: the case of US pretrial risk assessment tools
König, P. D., & Krafft, T. D. (2021) · Current Issues in Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/10345329.2020.1849932 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Sexbots as Synthetic Companions: Comparing Attitudes of Official Sex Offenders and Non-Offenders
Zara, G., Veggi, S., & Farrington, D. P. (2021) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-021-00797-3 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Robot death care: A study of funerary practice
Gould, H., Arnold, M., Kohn, T., Nansen, B., & Gibbs, M. (2021) · International Journal of Cultural Studies · doi:10.1177/1367877920939093 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
On the Contribution of Neuroethics to the Ethics and Regulation of Artificial Intelligence
Farisco, M., Evers, K., & Salles, A. L. F. (2022) · Neuroethics · doi:10.1007/s12152-022-09484-0 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“In addition to academic discussions, a number of practical guidelines and recommendations [43–45] aimed at supporting and improving policy making on AI and its applications [2, 4, 46–48] have been issued.”
Background
Humans, Neanderthals, robots and rights
Mamak, K. (2022) · Ethics and Information Technology · doi:10.1007/s10676-022-09644-z · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Debunking robot rights metaphysically, ethically, and legally
Birhane, A., van Dijk, J., & Pasquale, F. (2024) · First Monday · doi:10.5210/fm.v29i4.13628 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Defining semi-autonomous, automated and autonomous weapon systems in order to understand their ethical challenges
Caron, J.-F. (2020) · Digital War · doi:10.1057/s42984-020-00028-5 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Human Dignity in the Era of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics: Issues and Prospects
Alakwe, K. O. (2023) · Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies · doi:10.32996/jhsss.2023.5.6.10 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Policy Learning and the Diffusion of Autonomous Vehicle Policy in the American States
Robles, P., & Mallinson, D. J. (2024) · State and Local Government Review · doi:10.1177/0160323x241262816 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Liability for Robots: Sidestepping the Gaps
Chomanski, B. (2021) · Philosophy & Technology · doi:10.1007/s13347-021-00448-5 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“There is no shortage of proposals for handling the problem of liability for machines’ acts (Asaro, 2012; Chopra & White, 2011; Diamantis, 2020a, b; Gunkel, 2020; Nyholm, 2020; Pagallo, 2010; Schaerer et al., 2009; Turner, 2019).”
Background
Bridging the Liability Gaps: Why AI Challenges the Existing Rules on Liability and How to Design Human-empowering Solutions
Conca, S. D. (2022) · Information technology and law series/Information technology & law series · doi:10.1007/978-94-6265-523-2_13 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence, Ethics of
Nyholm, S. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6730-0_1093-1 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence Ethics: Issues and Solution for Challenges in Different Fields
Santhoshkumar, S. P., Susithra, K., & Prasath, T. K. (2023) · Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Capsule Networks · doi:10.36548/jaicn.2023.1.006 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Ethical Problems and Countermeasures of Artificial Intelligence Technology
Li, H., An, J., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · E3S Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202125101063 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
If robots are people, can they be made for profit? Commercial implications of robot personhood
Chomanski, B. (2020) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-020-00023-2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence, Ethics of
Nyholm, S. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6519-1_1093 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Metaverse crimes in virtual (Un)reality: Fraud and sexual offences under English law
Karapatakis, A. (2024) · Journal of Economic Criminology · doi:10.1016/j.jeconc.2024.100118 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Mensch-Algorithmus-Hybride als (Quasi-)Organisationen? Zu Verantwortung und Verantwortlichkeit von digitalen Kollektivakteuren
Beckers, A., & Teubner, G. (2021) · Soziale Systeme · doi:10.1515/sosys-2021-0004 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Inteligencia artificial en el Derecho Internacional, Naciones Unidas y Unión Europea
de Clément, Z. D. (2022) · Revista Estudios Jurídicos Segunda Época · doi:10.17561/rej.n22.7524 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Kant-inspired indirect argument for non-sentient robot rights
Flattery, T. (2023) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-023-00304-6 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…2020), Donath (2020: 61-62), Friedman (2020), Gerdes (2015: 276-277), Gordon (2020: 214-215, 217), Knight (2014: 9), LaBossiere (2017), Mamak (2022), Navon (2021), Nyholm (2020: 183), Richardson (2015: 290-293), Richards & Smart (2016: 20-21), Sparrow (2017), Turner (2019), and Whitby (2008: 329).”
Can we design artificial persons without being manipulative?
Musiał, M. (2022) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-022-01575-z · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“I also assert that Jacob Turner might be right when he claims that if we had known the dangers of global warming at the dawn of the Industrial Revolution, we might have been able to avoid it (Turner 2019, 35).”
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Medical Negligence
Mehta, D. (2023) · Liverpool Law Review · doi:10.1007/s10991-023-09340-y · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“This happens when the actions of the human are so closely intertwined with the actions of the machine that humans and machines seem to become a symbiotic entity-’greater than the sum of their parts’ (Turner 2019).”
Automated Vehicles, Urban Robots and Drones: Three Elements of the Automated City
Loke, S. W., & Rakotonirainy, A. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-82318-4_3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
A mesterséges intelligencia fogalmának polgári jogi értelmezése
Stefán, I. (2020) · Pro Futuro · doi:10.26521/profuturo/2020/1/7551 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Posthümanizm ve yeni bir ayrımcılık biçimi olarak robotlara yönelik türcülük
GÜLTEKİN, M. (2023) · Antropoloji · doi:10.33613/antropolojidergisi.1209953 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Can AI Lie? Chabot Technologies, the Subject, and the Importance of Lying
Black, J. (2024) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/08944393241282602 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“What proves especially alluring about the development of these technologies is the relative autonomy they seem to express (Turner, 2019).”
Pour une typologie des œuvres littéraires générées par intelligence artificielle
Lebrun, T. (2020) · Balisages · doi:10.35562/balisages.304 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The Re-Conception of AI: Beyond Artificial, and Beyond Intelligence
Clarke, R. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society · doi:10.1109/tts.2023.3234051 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Lessons Learned from Robotics and AI in a Liability Context: A Sustainability Perspective
Ozturk, A. (2021) · Strategies for sustainability · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-69325-1_16 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Do more data equal more truth? Toward a cybernetic approach to data
Bell, G., Gould, M., Martin, B., McLennan, A. K., & O’Brien, E. J. (2021) · Australian Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1002/ajs4.168 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Can Robots have Personal Identity?
Fernández, M. A. (2023) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-022-00958-y · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Responsible AI and action learning
Johnson, C., & Mohamed, E. (2025) · Action Learning Research and Practice · doi:10.1080/14767333.2025.2458900 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Wooldridge (2021), for example, muses that Vint Cerf, could not have possibly anticipated the use of electronic networks to spread misinformation and violence that What makes artificial intelligence unique is agency (Turner 2019).”
Investigating the preferences for autonomous vehicle use in European road transport: a binary logit model
Nisyrios, E., Matthaiou, A., Chau, M. L.-Y., & Gkiotsalitis, K. (2025) · npj Sustainable Mobility and Transport · doi:10.1038/s44333-025-00055-3 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Türkiye’deki Akademisyenlerin Yapay Zekâ (YZ) Uygulama ve Araçlarını Kullanımları Hakkında Bir Araştırma
Ünal, C., & YILDIRIM, H. (2024) · Sinop Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.33484/sinopfbd.1434171 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ekonomik ve Mali Boyutlarıyla Robot Vergisi
Turan, D. (2020) · Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.18037/ausbd.700331 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Is the Traditional Method of Regulation (the Legislative Act) Sufficient to Regulate Artificial Intelligence, or Should It Also Be Regulated by an Algorithmic Code?
Szostek, D. (2021) · Białostockie Studia Prawnicze · doi:10.15290/bsp.2021.26.03.03 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Speculating About Robot Moral Standing: On the Constitution of Social Robots as Objects of Governance
de Pagter, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2021.769349 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Indeed, the regulation of robots, often in combination with arti ﬁ cial intelligence, has become an important topic in this ﬁ eld in recent years (Pagallo, 2013; Leenes et al., 2017; Turner, 2019).”
Background
MACHINA SAPIENS
ERGÜN, G. O. (2023) · Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.33629/auhfd.1288894 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
AI and Liability in Medicine: The Case of Assistive-Diagnostic AI
Rimkutė, D. (2024) · Baltic Journal of Law & Politics · doi:10.2478/bjlp-2023-0013 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“34 These results suggest that, regardless of the accuracy or inaccuracy of the AI diagnosis, doctors are held liable only when they deviate from the standard of care.”
Background
Kriminalisasi Deepfake Di Indonesia Sebagai Bentuk Pelindungan Negara
Noerman, C. T., & Ibrahim, A. L. (2024) · JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW · doi:10.26623/julr.v7i2.8995 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Don’t Leave Artificial Intelligence Alone: It Could Hurt Human Rights
Özdan, S. (2023) · Postdigital science and education · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-35411-3_12 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Law, Technology, and Our Governance Dilemma
Brownsword, R. (2024) · Laws · doi:10.3390/laws13030030 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems (LAWS) Confronting the Robot Law Perspectives
Shimpo, F. (2019) · IEICE ESS FUNDAMENTALS REVIEW · doi:10.1587/essfr.13.3_217 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
VR, NFT, Metaverse... How digital innovations affect the development of marketing and PR communications
Oltarzhevskyi, D., & Oltarzhevska, O. (2023) · Current Issues of Mass Communication · doi:10.17721/cimc.2023.33.26-33 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A Secure and Privacy-Preserving Blockchain-based XAI-Justice SystemPreprint
Demertzis, K., Rantos, K., Magafas, L., et al. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202305.2017.v1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ethical and Legal Aspects of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Medical Service Contracts
Nogaroli, R. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-94306-5_4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence Governance Beyond Borders: The EU AI Act’s Influence on Third Party Legal Frameworks and Regional Organizations
Musthafa, A. R., & Arundhati, G. B. (2025) · Review of European and Comparative Law · doi:10.31743/recl.18927 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Minding the Gap(s): Different Kinds of Responsibility Gaps Related to Autonomous Vehicles and How to Fill Them
Nyholm, S. (2023) · Studies in applied philosophy, epistemology and rational ethics · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-39991-6_1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Robot Kingdom: On the Difficulty of Finding the Definition of Robots
Mamak, K., Kokkonen, T., Hakli, R., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-025-01322-6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Risk Reduction for Autonomous Systems
Gillespie, T. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-89385-9_11 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Competition Law and Artificial Intelligence – Challenges and Opportunities
Molski, R. (2022) · Teka Komisji Prawniczej PAN Oddział w Lublinie · doi:10.32084/tekapr.2021.14.2-24 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Metaphorically speaking, de ﬁ ning AI can resemble chasing the horizon: when we have fa-miliarised ourselves with a technological process that we do not understand, named AI, it stops being called AI and becomes just another clever computer program [Turner 2019, 8].”
Background
AI and Fundamental Rights: The People, the Conversations, and the Governance Challenges
Brownsword, R. (2023) · Law, governance and technology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-40516-7_17 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Two remarks on the new AI control problem
Vacek, D. (2023) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-023-00339-9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Liability for AI Driven Systems
da Fonseca, A. T., de Sequeira, E. V., & Xavier, L. B. (2023) · Law, governance and technology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-41264-6_16 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
MAKÛL SÜREDE YARGILAMA YAPILMASINDA YAPAY ZEKÂNIN ETKİSİ
Selçuk, S. (2025) · Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi · doi:10.54049/taad.1683957 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
What Is it Like to be a Bot? SF and the Morality of Intelligent Machines
Hauskeller, M. (2021) · Science and fiction · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-64269-3_2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Personeidad y coma: una propuesta reversible
Castellano, R. C. (2022) · Medicina y Ética · doi:10.36105/mye.2022v33n2.03 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
From ‘What’ and ‘Why’ to ‘How’: An Imperative Driven Approach to Mechanics of AI Regulation
Chauhan, K. D. S. (2022) · Global Jurist · doi:10.1515/gj-2022-0053 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Not Quite Like Us? — Can Cyborgs and Intelligent Machines Be Natural Persons as a Matter of Law?Preprint
Gervais, D. J. (2023) · Qeios · doi:10.32388/9wpmg4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The relationship between anthropocentric beliefs and the moral status of a chimpanzee, humanoid robot, and cyborg person: the mediating role of the assignment of mind and soul
Fortuna, P., Wróblewski, Z., Gut, A., & Dutkowska, A. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05313-6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Tort Law and AI
Morgan, P. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108980197.008 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Aspekty prawne sztucznej inteligencji na gruncie prawa Unii Europejskiej. Część 1
Kusznieruk, P., & Zemke-Górecka, A. (2024) · Europejski Przegląd Prawa i Stosunków Międzynarodowych. · doi:10.52097/eppism.8669 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
AI in Marketing
Türkyılmaz, S. (2024) · Advances in logistics, operations, and management science book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-5578-7.ch009 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence to Support Business Decisions
Santis, F. D. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-71371-2_5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Artefacts of Change: The Disruptive Nature of Humanoid Robots Beyond Classificatory Concerns
Friedman, C. (2025) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-025-00532-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Some suggestions include classifying robots as tools (Bryson, 2009; cf. Gunkel, 2023); persons (Wareham, 2021; Jecker et al., 2022); moral subjects (Coeck-elbergh, 2010; Danaher, 2019); and legal subjects (Turner, 2019; Gunkel, 2023).”

Authors: Turner, J.
Corresponding author: Turner, Jacob
ORCID: Turner, Jacob
Venue: Springer eBooks
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Published: 2019
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96235-1
OpenAlex: W4251512016
Cited by: 184
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 3
FWCI: 13.73
Type: book
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Springer eBooks (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Safety Research › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
Social Sciences › Law › Digitalization, Law, and Regulation
Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Literary and Philosophical Studies
Keywords: artificial intelligence, AI regulation, AI ethics, autonomous decision-making, AI governance

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Robot Rules: Regulating Artificial Intelligence

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks