Artificial Intelligence and Sustainable Decisions

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

AI can make significant progress on the most complicated environmental and social problems faced by humans.

“AI can make significant progress on the most complicated environmental and social problems faced by humans.”

• Also stated in: § 6 Conclusion · plain

  “AI can make significant progress on the most complicated environmental and social problems faced by humans.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The efficiencies and innovations generated by AI may bring new risks, such as automated bias and conflicts with human ethics.

“On the other hand, the efficiencies and innovations generated by AI may also bring new risks, such as automated bias and conflicts with human ethics.”

May combine two claims.

Although AI applications for sustainability are at their early stage, this trend is already starting to impact corporate sustainability in the application of AI to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) such as CO2 emissions reductions, or ML applications to improve horticultural products.

“Although AI applications for sustainability are at their early stage, this trend is already starting to impact corporate sustainability in the application of AI to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) such as CO 2 emissions reductions, or ML applications to improve horticultural products.4”

• cites Riffle (2017)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

AI and big data will help companies adopt ideal corporate governance principles, such as accountability, transparency and appropriate cooperation with stakeholders.

“As for the second branch, AI and big data will also help companies adopt ideal corporate governance principles, such as accountability, transparency and appropriate cooperation with stakeholders.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

AI will help establish management systems that effectively mitigate CSR risks so as to achieve economic and social benefits based on big data.

“Moreover, Al will help establish management systems that effectively mitigate CSR risks so as to achieve economic and social benefits based on big data.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The lack of a legal system regarding the application and design of AI may lead to the rise of private standardisation, as voluntary adjustment enables the steady establishment of the future legal framework.

“The lack of a legal system regarding the application and design of AI may lead to the rise of private standardisation, as voluntary adjustment enables the steady establishment of the future legal framework.8”

• cites Darnault et al. (2019)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

CSR has been recognised and promoted through company law approaches and corporate governance mechanisms, mainly executed through information discourse and directors' duties, as a vehicle for incorporating social and environmental concerns into the business decision-making process.

“CSR has been recognised and promoted through company law approaches and corporate governance mechanisms, mainly executed through information discourse and directors' duties, as a vehicle for incorporating social and environmental concerns into the business decision-making process.17”

• cites Gill (2008)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

AI can change the corporate law and CSR framework, moving towards a more sustainable model of corporate governance.

“We believe that AI can change the corporate law and CSR framework, moving towards a more sustainable model of corporate governance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

AI generates adverse effects, such as infringing on privacy and bringing additional algorithmic bias.

“AI also generates adverse effects, such as infringing on privacy and bringing additional algorithmic bias.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Unregulated AI would be a threat because it would not be possible to effectively monitor its effects on the economy, society and environment.

“Instead of promoting sustainability, unregulated AI would be a threat since it would not be possible to effectively monitor its effects on the economy, society and environment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Social, environmental and human rights issues are core elements for sustainable corporate operations.

“Social, environmental and human rights issues are core elements for sustainable corporate operations.16”

• cites McBarnet (2007)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In the advisor role, AI will support decision-making in more complex issues by asking and answering the right questions, identifying opportunities, detecting irregularities and mitigating risks.

“In this role, it will support decision-making in more complex issues by-for instance-asking and answering the right questions, identifying opportunities, detecting irregularities and mitigating risks.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This approach focuses on the availability, selection and analysis of data, which has become the most valuable asset for companies.

“This approach focuses on the availability, selection and analysis of data, which has become the most valuable asset for companies.92”

• cites [92]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

AI can help directors navigate options, correct error-prone humans, and comment on proposed strategies at senior-level meetings.

“AI can help directors navigate options, correct error-prone humans, and comment on proposed strategies at senior-level meetings.”

May combine two claims.

AI contributes to anticipating future needs and risks, predicting better solutions, making more efficient use of resources and increasing profits, as well as evaluating companies' performance and ensuring continuous improvement.

“It contributes to anticipating future needs and risks, predicting better solutions, making more efficient use of resources and increasing profits, as well as evaluating companies' performance and ensuring continuous improvement.87”

• cites [87] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

AI will assist companies in identifying a new paradigm or pattern of thinking for formulating CSR policies and implementing CSR, particularly in terms of emphasis on creativity.

“AI will assist companies in identifying a new paradigm or pattern of thinking for formulating CSR policies and implementing CSR, particularly in terms of emphasis on creativity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

This model is already working on the board of the software company Salesforce, which relies on a robot called Einstein to improve corporate plans and decision-making in general.

“This model is already working on the board of the software company Salesforce, which relies on a robot called Einstein to improve corporate plans and decision-making in general.93”

• cites [93]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Relevant technical and analytic expertise will soon become essential for board members.

“Relevant technical and analytic expertise will soon become essential for board members.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Big data provides the opportunity to make better decisions (well-informed and based on trustworthy information) and bypass possible gaps concerning knowledge of the market or other factors decisive for the success of the action.

“Big data provides the opportunity to make better decisions, i.e., well-informed and based on trustworthy information, and bypass possible gaps concerning knowledge of the market or other factors that are decisive for the success of the action.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Once data extracted from various sources has been stored, it will be analysed using algorithms to find correlations and construct an optimal predictive model.

“Once the data extracted from various sources has been stored, it will be analysed using algorithms to find correlations and construct an optimal predictive model.71”

• cites Shrestha et al. (2019) sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

By putting together the information and possible lines of action, the company will reach the optimal solution in each case.

“By putting together the information and possible lines of action, the company will reach the optimal solution in each case.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The success of applying AI and ML to CSR-oriented challenges relies on compliance with hard laws, soft laws, guidance and standardisation.

“In particular, the success of applying AI and ML to CSR-oriented challenges relies on compliance with hard laws, soft laws, guidance and standardisation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In a scenario of uncertainty, big data can be used to discard lines of action that a priori seemed feasible and/or avoid incorrect or unnecessarily risky decisions.

“In a scenario of uncertainty, big data can be used to discard lines of action that a priori seemed to be feasible and/or avoid incorrect or unnecessarily risky decisions.”

May combine two claims.

Companies' efforts in this direction will positively impact the value of the brand and corporate financial performance.

“Companies' efforts in this direction will positively impact the value of the brand and corporate financial performance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

AI applications need to be fed with large volumes of data (big data) to perform the stipulated functions or achieve specific goals.

“What is clear, though, is that AI applications need to be fed with large volumes of data (big data) to perform the stipulated functions or achieve specific goals.”

May combine two claims.

SMEs can use big data analytics to understand their customers better and improve revenues.

“However, SMEs can also use this mechanism to understand their customers better and improve revenues.77”

• cites [77] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Information extracted from data can be transformed into knowledge that helps individuals make the correct movement at the right time.

“The information extracted from data can be transformed into knowledge that will help individuals to make the correct movement at the right time.80”

• cites [80] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The advantages brought by AI in analysing information quickly and suggesting lines of action for directors will be crucial for them to make smart decisions.

“The advantages brought by AI in analysing information quickly and suggesting lines of action for directors will be crucial for them to make smart decisions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

This role may allow directors to delegate time-consuming tasks such as analysing and monitoring information flows, enabling them to concentrate on strategic business decisions and operational management.

“This role may allow directors to delegate time-consuming tasks such as analysing and monitoring information flows, enabling them to concentrate on strategic business decisions and operational management.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

At the lowest level, AI may perform simple administrative tasks with very little autonomy or no autonomy, so the decision rights exclusively belong to human beings.

“At the lowest level, AI may perform simple administrative tasks with very little autonomy or no autonomy, so the decision rights exclusively belong to human beings.”

May combine two claims.

In order to train an ML programme properly, historical data must be correct and meet high-quality standards.

“In order to train the programme properly, historical data must be correct and meet high-quality standards.75”

• cites Redman (2018)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The conflict of interests that these decisions usually involve is limited to a minimum.

“The conflict of interests that these decisions usually involve is limited to a minimum.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

AI has enormous potential to change the nature of corporate governance practices and radically improve CSR practice by suggesting options, solving complex problems in an informed manner, or taking proper actions to achieve specific corporate goals.

“In the current intelligence age and cognitive era, AI has enormous potential to change the nature of corporate governance practices and radically improve CSR practice by suggesting options, solving complex problems in an informed manner, or taking proper actions to achieve specific corporate goals.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The primary duty of the board of directors is to make strategic decisions that shape the company's general direction.

“In terms of corporate decision-making, the primary duty of the board of directors is to make strategic decisions that shape the company's general direction.78”

• cites [78] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

ML uses historical data to develop predictive models and new data to make future decisions.

“The reason is that this technology uses historical data to develop predictive models and new data to make future decisions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

AI is essential for establishing high-quality data architecture.

“AI is essential for establishing high-quality data architecture.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

AI may recommend particular courses of action by taking into account the outcome information.

“It may recommend particular courses of action by taking into account the outcome information.”

May combine two claims.

These companies will be able to obtain better resources, better employees and better opportunities.

“These companies will be able to obtain better resources, better employees and better opportunities.50”

• cites Barnett (2007) sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Hou (2019) sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Companies that use data-driven decision-making are, on average, 6% more profitable and 5% more productive than their competitors.

“It is estimated that companies that use data-driving decision-making are, on average, 6% more profitable and 5% more productive than their competitors.84”

• cites [84] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

This 'knowledge gap' prevents directors from posing the right questions and, consequently, obtaining the most accurate information-in retrospective and prospective terms-to deal with the complex trade-offs and dilemmas inherent to this type of decision.

“This 'knowledge gap' prevents them from posing the right questions and, consequently, obtaining the most accurate information-in retrospective and prospective terms-to deal with the complex trade-offs and dilemmas inherent to this type of decision.53”

• cites Jorgensen (2021)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The supply of relevant data samples in real-time will result in better knowledge, better predictions and ultimately better decisions.

“The supply of relevant data samples in real-time will result in better knowledge, better predictions and ultimately better decisions.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The correct performance of AI is subjected to the existence of high-quality data architecture.

“Since data is the fuel of AI systems and determines its outcomes, we will claim that the correct performance of this technology is subjected to the existence of high-quality data architecture.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The range of functions that AI can effectively perform will depend on the level of maturity of these disruptive technologies.

“The range of functions that AI can effectively perform will depend on the level of maturity of these disruptive technologies.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

High-quality data architecture contributes to smart and well-informed decisions and mitigates some of the hazards that might arise when using digital technologies in the boardroom.

“This precondition contributes to smart and well-informed decisions and mitigates some of the hazards that might arise when using digital technologies in the boardroom.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

AI can also take autonomous decisions, become a member of the board, or even replace board directors.

“However, AI can also take autonomous decisions, become a member of the board, or even replace board directors.88”

• cites [88] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The current development of ML requires human intervention to provide input information and interpret the outputs.

“The current development of ML requires human intervention to provide input information and interpret the outputs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Technologies such as AI, including the application of big data, ML and robotics, will play a key role in long-term enhancement to society and achieving the common good.

“At the same time, technologies such as AI, including the application of big data, ML and robotics, will play a key role in longterm enhancement to society and achieving the common good.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

By relying on data, metrics and statistics, directors can gather all relevant information to align strategic business decisions with their goals and objectives.

“By relying on data, metrics and statistics, directors can gather all relevant information to align strategic business decisions with their goals and objectives.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Advanced AI that simulates a human brain will facilitate technological innovations that empower real-time big data collection and data-informed reporting, which are new means for stakeholder communication to help with innovative CSR.

“Advanced AI that simulates a human brain will facilitate technological innovations that empower real-time big data collection and data-informed reporting, which are new means for stakeholder communication to help with innovative CSR.”

May combine two claims.

Companies that adopt data-driven decisions are in a solid position to enhance their visibility and reach a high level of corporate performance.

“Companies that adopt data-driven decisions are in a solid position to enhance their visibility and reach a high level of corporate performance.83”

• cites [83]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

If directors do not have sufficient sustainability credentials, they are at risk of violating the duty of care and opening themselves to litigation.

“Otherwise, they will be at risk of violating the duty of care and open themselves to litigation.54”

• cites Hinks (2020)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

With AI in corporate governance, board decisions can be based on analysis of corporate patterns and industry trends rather than on gut feelings.

“With AI in corporate governance, board decisions can be based on analysis of corporate patterns and industry trends rather than on gut feelings.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The implementation of AI solutions usually demands significant financial investments that are not affordable for every company, involving creating adequate data infrastructure and acquiring or developing specific technology.

“The implementation of AI solutions usually demands significant financial investments that are not affordable for every company, as it involves creating an adequate data infrastructure and the acquisition, or even development, of specific technology.”

May combine two claims.

Section 155(1) of the UK Companies Act 2006 requires a company to have at least one natural director, making it difficult for AI to be appointed as the only board member.

“For example, Section 155(1) of the UK Companies Act 2006 provides that a company must have at least one natural director, which makes it difficult for the AI to be appointed as the only board member.”

• cites [103]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The relevant knowledge extracted from data leads to competition to create powerful and innovative AI solutions.

“On the other hand, the relevant knowledge extracted from data leads to a competition to create powerful and innovative AI solutions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

It is still plausible that in the medium term AI will assume more managerial tasks and make routine decisions on behalf of the company.

“It is still plausible that in the medium term AI will assume more managerial tasks and make routine decisions on behalf of the company.106”

• cites [106]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A board might fall short of its duty of care if, given the circumstances, it would be reasonable to implement AI to improve directors' actions.

“Bearing in mind that the use of these technologies is in companies' best interest, the board might be falling short in meeting its duty of care if, considering a case's specific circumstances, it would be reasonable to implement them to improve directors' actions.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The use of AI technologies is in companies' best interest.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Supported by big data and complemented by directors' supervision, AI will be able to contribute to data-driven decisions in directors' business judgement and strategic management policies to help promote sustainability.

“Supported by big data and complemented by directors' supervision, AI will be able to contribute to data-driven decisions in directors' business judgement and strategic management policies to help promote sustainability.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Implementing AI-based solutions has the potential for a win-win across business and society.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A consensus is that effectively embracing AI and other advanced technologies will require cooperation from multiple stakeholders, especially directors and the public sector.

“A consensus is that effectively embracing AI and other advanced technologies will require cooperation from multiple stakeholders, especially directors and the public sector.133”

• cites [133] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Data-driven technologies such as AI are inherently past-oriented and can reproduce and reinforce patterns of inequality and discrimination existing in societies.

“The reason is that data-driven technologies, such as AI, are inherently past-oriented and can reproduce and reinforce the patterns of inequality and discrimination that exist in societies.112”

• cites [112]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Although algorithms can learn on their own, humans still have to decide how they are deployed and integrated into the decision-making process.

“Although algorithms can learn on their own, humans still have to decide how they are deployed and integrated into the decision-making process.”

May combine two claims.

Data reflects existing social and cultural biases and can perpetuate them, leading to discriminatory or unethical decisions.

“On the contrary, data reflects the existing social and cultural biases and can even perpetuate them, leading to discriminatory or unethical decisions.”

• cites [112]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Smart algorithms can analyse variables and relationships extracted from big data, but the way this occurs is not always clear for users and even programme developers.

“Smart algorithms can analyse variables and relationships extracted from big data, but the way it occurs is not always clear for users and even programme developers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

A regulatory framework grounded on sustainable development and respect for human rights would contribute to setting the 'game rules' and ensuring that AI systems are lawful, ethical and robust.

“It would contribute to setting the 'game rules' and ensuring that AI systems are lawful, ethical and robust, i.e., comply with the existing law and regulations, meet a set of ethical standards, and are capable of avoiding unintended consequences.130”

• cites [130]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The ethical and legal risks inherent to the use of AI and the lack of clear responses to address them create uncertainty and even some fear in using this technology in the heart of the company.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Bias appears when the decision-maker considers irrelevant considerations or fails to consider relevant considerations.

“Accordingly, bias will appear when the decision-maker considers irrelevant consideration or fails to consider relevant consideration.113”

• cites [113]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

An uncoordinated approach to AI regulation may result in conflicting obligations and over-regulation.

“The problem, however, is that an uncoordinated approach may result in conflicting obligations and over-regulation.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The ethical and legal risks inherent to the use of AI and the lack of clear responses to address them create uncertainty and even some fear in using this technology in the heart of the company.

May combine two claims.

AI driven by data science for social good will enable AI to address societal challenges and use AI methods to tackle unsolved societal challenges in a measurable manner.

“AI driven by data science for social good will enable AI to address societal challenges and use AI methods to tackle unsolved societal challenges in a measurable manner.138”

• cites [138] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The process of explicability requires deep knowledge of computing science because it focuses on documentation intelligence sense-making and the review and validation of logic details.

“This process, however, requires a deep knowledge of computing science since it focuses on documentation intelligence sense-making and the review and validation of the logic details. 123”

• cites [123]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Market power might allow large players to set the rules on the platform and unilaterally impose conditions for access and use of data, or leverage such power advantage when developing new services and expanding towards new markets.

“This market power might allow large players to 'set the rules on the platform and unilaterally impose conditions for access and use of data or, indeed, allow leveraging of such”

• cites [125]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Companies and other stakeholders could rely upon some basic safeguards when using or being affected by AI systems under such a regulatory framework.

“In other words, companies and other stakeholders could rely upon some basic safeguards when using or being affected by these systems.131”

• cites [131] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The ethical and legal risks inherent to the use of AI and the lack of clear responses to address them create uncertainty and even some fear in using this technology in the heart of the company.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

A fragmentary approach to AI regulation is likely to have a chilling effect on the different actors and discourage companies from digitalising the decision-making process, given the divergent paths to liability and other legal requirements.

“A fragmentary approach is likely to have a chilling effect on the different actors and discourage companies from digitalising the decision-making process, given the divergent paths to liability and other legal requirements.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Many companies, notably tech companies, operate at an international level and usually have to comply with the rules of various legal systems.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

At the highest level, AI will own decision rights due to human trust and delegation.

“At the highest level, AI will own decision rights due to human trust and delegation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

It is becoming increasingly decisive for boards to have the expertise to engage in adequate oversight of data governance, starting with 'self-driving subsidiaries' which are more amenable to automated management when AI makes better decisions than humans.

“It is becoming increasingly decisive for boards to have the expertise to engage in adequate oversight of data governance,”

• cites [103]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

VITAL's role is not autonomous; it is limited to providing advice and supporting human directors' decisions.

“Although it is an impressive advance, the truth is that its role, far from being autonomous, is limited to providing advice and supporting human directors' decisions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Basic algorithms can be programmed to drive AI towards more ethical and sustainable corporate actions.

“This is achievable since basic algorithms can be programmed to drive AI towards more ethical and sustainable corporate actions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There is agreement amongst stakeholders on the need to build trust and design a regulatory framework grounded on sustainable development and respect for human rights.

“Generally, there is agreement amongst stakeholders on the need to build trust and design a regulatory framework grounded on sustainable development and respect for human rights.129”

• cites [129] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The deployment of AI can entail both opportunities and risks.

“As with any new technology, the deployment of AI can entail both opportunities and risks.110”

• cites [110] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

AI will proactively and autonomously evaluate options and make business judgements without human input by analysing information from the actual business environment and perceiving patterns in data.

“It will proactively and autonomously evaluate options and make business judgements without human input by analysing information from the actual business environment and perceiving patterns in data.104”

• cites [104]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Difficulty explaining why a specific decision or solution was adopted may conflict with the duty to act on an informed basis and motivate board decisions, resulting in legal disputes inside the company or with third parties.

“The difficulty of explaining why a specific decision or solution has been adopted may conflict with the duty to act on an informed basis and motivate board decisions, 118 resulting in legal disputes inside the company or with third parties.”

• cites [118]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Transparency is regarded as a core value and critical approach to enhance sustainability.

“which is regarded as a core value and critical approach to enhance sustainability.140”

• cites [140]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Data-driven decisions are not objective and do not overcome human subjectivity; the assumption that they are objective is a myth.

“Although data-driven decisions are expected to be objective and to overcome human subjectivity, the reality shows that this assumption is a myth.111”

• cites [111]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

If data samples are not sufficiently representative of different populations and social groups, the system will be flawed from the outset and the results will necessarily be biased.

“If data samples are not sufficiently representative of the different populations and social groups, then the system will be flawed from the outset and the results will be necessarily biased.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

ML algorithms are autonomous only in the sense that they can run continuously and have the potential to translate their outputs automatically into regulatory actions.

“Thus, it can be claimed that ML algorithms are autonomous 'only in the sense that they can run continuously and have the potential to translate their outputs automatically into regulatory actions'.105”

• cites [105] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

AI will be able to recommend sustainable policies and make sustainable decisions.

“Second, AI will be able to recommend sustainable policies and make sustainable decisions.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Implementing AI-based solutions has the potential for a win-win across business and society.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

AI is a promising instrument to increase human well-being, bringing progress and innovation, and achieve sustainable goals that benefit society as a whole.

“it is a promising instrument to increase human well-being, bringing progress and innovation, and achieve sustainable goals that benefit society as a whole.128”

• cites [127] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [128] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

AI comes with the responsibility to monitor data collection, data quality, and how data impacts social justice, addresses vulnerabilities and builds resilience.

“However, it also comes with the responsibility to monitor data collection, data quality, and how data impacts social justice, addresses vulnerabilities and builds resilience.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some of the Asilomar AI Principles focus on sustainability issues such as respecting human rights, including social purposes, and the significance of shared benefits and prosperity to achieve 'common good' through AI.

“In line with the willingness to include social and environmental considerations in corporate decisions, some of these principles focus on sustainability issues such as respecting human rights, including social purposes, and the significance of shared benefits and prosperity to achieve 'common good' through AI. 156”

• cites [156] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

AI-enabled technology can conflict with human ethics and exacerbate inequalities in society.

“Along with the data dependency and bias problems mentioned before, AI-enabled technology can conflict with human ethics and exacerbate inequalities in society.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Complementing human directors' capacities, AI can understand companies' ability to generate positive outcomes by organising ethical goals using a smart system.

“Complementing human directors' capacities, AI can understand companies' ability to generate positive outcomes by organising ethical goals using a smart system.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In February 2020, the European Commission launched a White Paper on AI entitled 'A European approach to excellence and trust' aiming to build a coordinated European plan for a trustworthy AI environment.

“In February 2020, the Commission launched a White Paper on AI entitled 'A European approach to excellence and trust', aiming to build a coordinated European plan for a trustworthy AI environment.”

• cites European Commission (2020d)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The algorithms from this automated process will identify the assets that meet the thresholds and constantly compose the portfolio return to give the company and director the best possible portfolio options.

“The algorithms from this automated process will identify the assets that meet the thresholds and constantly compose the portfolio return to give the company and director the best possible portfolio options.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The expertise and professionalisation of regulators is as important as the regulatory instrument to be implemented.

“Thus, the expertise and professionalisation of regulators is as important as the regulatory instrument to be implemented.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Due to the various forms of manifestation of CSR-related performance, the regulations governing CSR also come in multiple shapes.

“Due to the various forms of manifestation of CSR-related performance, the regulations governing CSR also come in multiple shapes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

A first step to elaborate a regulatory framework is ensuring that policy-makers have a sufficient understanding of the risks and challenges of AI.

“A first step to elaborate a regulatory framework is ensuring that policy-makers have a sufficient understanding of the risks and challenges of AI.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

The existence of numerous ethical principles creates uncertainty among directors and might discourage them from digitalising boardroom tasks due to unpredictable legal consequences.

“On the one hand, this scenario creates uncertainty among directors and might even discourage them from digitalising some tasks in the boardroom due to the unpredictable legal consequences.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

AI can make recommendations on integrating the CSR strategy and policy with the overall business strategy.

“It can also make recommendations on integrating the CSR strategy and policy with the overall business strategy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Boards of directors could use preventive measures designed by AI to formulate the most suitable CSR plan and strategic policies for the long-term interests of companies.

“Boards of directors could use preventive measures designed by AI to formulate the most suitable CSR plan and strategic policies for the long-term interests of companies.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Implementing AI-based solutions has the potential for a win-win across business and society.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

As the societal use of and dependency on AI and ML increases, it is crucial to identify what needs exist from a regulatory perspective.

“As the societal use of and dependency on AI and ML increases, it is crucial to identify what needs exist from a regulatory perspective.158”

• cites [158] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

There is consensus among different actors about laying down a set of rules to discipline AI, even though divergences about how to do it and who should do it also exist.

“There is consensus among different actors about laying down a set of rules to discipline this new reality, even though divergences about how to do it and who should do it also exist.154”

• cites [154]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Over the last few years, numerous national and international organisations have developed a range of ethical guidelines related to AI.

“Over the last few years, numerous national and international organisations have developed a range of ethical guidelines related to AI.”

• cites [152] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One of the pioneers in this field was the Future of Life Institute, which developed 23 'Asilomar AI Principles' in productivity, ethics and security in 2017.

“One of the pioneers in this field was the Future of Life Institute, which developed 23 'Asilomar AI Principles' in productivity, ethics and security in 2017.155”

• cites [155]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

The current regulatory model for AI is insufficient and urgent action is needed.

“Taking the legal approach as a starting point, we can identify three issues that demonstrate the insufficiency of the current model and the urgency to take action.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The current scenario provides a low standard of protection to stakeholders and society because AI can endanger their privacy, fundamental rights and well-being.

“On the other hand, it provides a low standard of protection to stakeholders and society since their privacy, fundamental rights and well-being can be in danger due to AI.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Local government bodies issue public regulations that are regional, national or supra-national, based on delegated state, government or international powers founded on each country's membership.

“Local government bodies issue public regulations that are regional, national or supra-national, 160 based on delegated state, government or international powers 161 founded on each country's membership.162”

• cites [160]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [161]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [162]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

AI can play a preventive role by providing a barrier to corporate damage to society and the environment.

“Third, AI can also play a preventive role by providing a barrier to corporate damage to society and the environment.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Implementing AI-based solutions has the potential for a win-win across business and society.

May combine two claims.

The company could manage both the risk of an asset from a financial performance perspective and the risk from the ESG perspective.

“manage both the risk of an asset from a financial performance perspective and the risk from the ESG perspective.143”

• cites [143] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

An excessively detailed framework would make it unsuitable for future AI developments.

“Besides, an excessively detailed framework would make it unsuitable for future AI developments.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Progressive advocates engaged in promoting more sustainable businesses, more environmentally friendly companies and companies focused on human rights will drive corporations to embrace more socially responsible ethical codes and guidelines for conduct, the adoption of which is mainly voluntary.

“Progressive advocates who are engaged in promoting more sustainable businesses, more environmentally friendly companies and companies focused on human rights will also drive corporations to embrace more socially responsible ethical codes and guidelines for conduct, the adoption of which is mainly voluntarily.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

CSR regulations are drafted and enforced by regulatory bodies at different levels.

“They are drafted and enforced by regulatory bodies at different levels.”

May combine two claims.

The design of high-level AI ethics guidelines could project an image of false ethics to potential customers and investors or convince society that binding regulation is unnecessary.

“Besides, the design of high-level guidelines could project an image of false ethics to potential customers and investors or even convince society that there is no need for binding regulation or new legislation to tackle the technological risks of AI.”

• cites Wagner (2018), pp 84-89 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Several expert committees have been created to develop AI guidelines, such as the High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence appointed by the European Commission, the Expert Group on AI in Society of the OECD, and the Select Committee on Artificial Intelligence of the UK's House of Lords.

“Several expert committees have been created to this end, such as the High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence appointed by the European Commission, the Expert Group on AI in Society of the OECD, and the Select Committee on Artificial Intelligence of the UK's House of Lords.153”

• cites [153] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

There is a need for regulation to ensure a responsible design and deployment of AI-based solutions and due consideration of public values and interests.

“In this context, there is a need for regulation to ensure a responsible design and deployment of AI-based solutions, on the one hand, and due consideration of public values and interests, on the other.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

AI can contribute to automating the process of planning the ESG investment strategy and some complementary tasks such as identification of stakeholder network, assessment of variables, and measurements following the strategy clarification part.

“This role can also contribute to automating the process of planning the ESG investment strategy and some complementary tasks such as identification of stakeholder network, assessment of variables, and measurements following the strategy clarification part.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The European Commission approved a proposal to lay down harmonised rules on AI on 24 April 2021.

“To develop the said trust ecosystem by creating a legal framework, the European Commission approved a proposal to lay down harmonised rules on AI on 24 April 2021.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

A uniform approach would ensure that AI use does not violate citizens' interests and rights and that compliance with ethical standards is real, not merely marketing.

“A uniform approach would ensure that the use of AI does not violate the interests and rights of the citizens and that compliance with a certain standard of ethical behaviour is real, not merely a marketing strategy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Algorithms could be trained to predict the effectiveness of sustainable-oriented corporate policies with an impressive level of precision, helping in the formulation and optimisation of the CSR programme to achieve distributive justice.

“Algorithms could be trained to predict the effectiveness of sustainable-oriented corporate policies with an impressive level of precision, helping in the formulation and optimisation of the CSR programme to achieve distributive justice.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Creating a policy framework that contributes to a reasonable standard of transparency and increases trust in AI decision-making is essential.

“Creating a policy framework that contributes to a reasonable standard of transparency and increases trust in AI decision-making is essential.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Preventive measures could be achieved through smart technology that identifies discrimination, fraud, or conflicts of interest, with AI playing a vital role in providing more predictive and preventive measures to mitigate social and environmental risks.

“Preventive measures could be achieved through smart technology that identifies discrimination, fraud, or conflicts of interest, with AI playing a vital role in providing more predictive and preventive measures to mitigate social and environmental risks.”

May combine two claims.

There is no unanimity on the principles or guidelines that should govern AI, and even when different initiatives agree on one or more principles, there are considerable differences in how to interpret and implement them.

“There is no unanimity on the principles or guidelines that should govern AI and, even when the different initiatives agree on one or more principles, there are considerable differences in how to interpret and implement them.159”

• cites [159]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

The type of regulation should efficiently achieve the mentioned objectives but without dissuading software developers from innovating and investing.

“In this regard, it can be claimed that the type of regulation should efficiently achieve the mentioned objectives but without dissuading software developers from innovating and investing.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

AI continues to gain in complexity and sophistication, offering tremendous benefits in terms of efficiency and innovation.

“AI continues to 'gain in complexity and sophistication', 151 offering tremendous benefits in terms of efficiency and innovation.”

• cites [151] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Using AI responsibly and ethically is a crucial component of 'global commons' and a prerequisite for the 'common good' in the global business environment.

“Using AI responsibly and ethically is a crucial component of 'global commons' and a prerequisite for the 'common good' in the global business environment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Cultivating trust with stakeholders, particularly indirect stakeholders such as extraterritorial local communities, requires regulating data quality and data governance, including the processes for gathering, cooperating and scrutinising data through the regulatory framework.

“Cultivating trust with stakeholders, particularly indirect stakeholders such as extraterritorial local communities, requires regulating data quality and data governance, including the processes for gathering, cooperating and scrutinising data through the regulatory framework to be applied to assist companies more effectively.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Big data will help the board of directors induce predictive CSR policy that fits the stakeholder network and stakeholder priorities for companies' business model, enabling both informed and supportive predictions and improving trust with constituents.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Any irresponsible development of AI software leaves the utility of the technology exposed to the immense risk of negative consequences, and it may entail damage for humans and sustainable development.

“As Truby has pointed out, 'any irresponsible development of AI software leaves the utility of the technology exposed to the immense risk of negative consequences', and it may entail damage for humans and sustainable development.149”

• cites [149]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

AI systems usually consider the needs and values of the regions in which they are designed, so they might benefit developed countries while discriminating against developing countries and minorities.

“Given that AI systems usually consider the needs and values of the regions in which they are designed, it might benefit developed countries while discriminating against developing countries and minorities.146”

• cites [146]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The development of sustainability screens or indexes could reduce the burden of understanding data analytics by facilitating the generation of synthetic data visualisations.

“To this effect, the development of sustainability screens or indexes could reduce the burden of understanding data analytics by facilitating the generation of synthetic data visualisations.142”

• cites [142] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

There is a need to reach a reasonable level of harmonisation in AI regulation by establishing a set of minimum requirements that AI should meet or a system of red flags as to principles that under no circumstances should be violated.

“Hence the need to reach a reasonable level of harmonisation in this area by establishing a set of minimum requirements that AI should meet or a system of red flags as to principles that under no circumstances should be violated.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Over-regulation of AI may involve intolerable bureaucratic requirements and harm innovation.

“Over-regulation of AI may involve intolerable bureaucratic requirements and harm innovation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

At the most fundamental level, government regulations are generally formal and binding in law, or some recommendations have guiding effects but no legal standing.

“At the most fundamental level, government regulations are generally formal and binding in law, or some recommendations have guiding effects but no legal standing.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The shared benefits and achieving the 'common good' through AI are suggested as principles for designing, programming, utilising and distributing AI.

“It is particularly stimulating to observe that the shared benefits and achieving the 'common good' through AI are suggested as principles for designing, programming, utilising and distributing AI.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

AI now leads the Fourth Industrial Revolution to a fusion of technologies that is likely to redefine the most valuable human skills.

“While the First Industrial Revolution used water and steam for production, the Second electric power and the Third information and technology, AI now leads the Fourth Industrial Revolution to a fusion of technologies that is likely to redefine the most valuable human skills.197”

• cites [197]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The proposed regulatory framework aims to balance the different objectives and interests of the parties involved and to avoid potential violations of fundamental rights.

“Given the adverse effects that the use of AI can entail for stakeholders, workers and other individuals, the proposed regulatory framework aims to balance the different objectives and interests of the parties involved and to avoid potential violations of fundamental rights.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

AI is an essential asset for the progress of society.

“Given that it is an essential asset for the progress of society, it should observe shared ethical ideals and convergent values.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

As stated in the explanatory memorandum, those codes may also include commitments related to environmental sustainability, accessibility for persons with disabilities, stakeholders' participation in the design and development of AI systems, and diversity of development teams.

“As stated in the explanatory memorandum, those codes may also include commitments related to environmental sustainability, accessibility for persons with disabilities, stakeholders' participation in the design and development of AI systems, and diversity of development teams.191”

• cites [191]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

There is a long way to go in building harmonised regulation on AI.

“There is a long way to go in building harmonised regulation on AI.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

AI can contribute to the realisation of CSR goals by enabling boards of directors to analyse vast amounts of data in real-time and predict what is the best plan of action.

“It can contribute to the realisation of CSR goals by enabling boards of directors to analyse vast amounts of data in real-time and predict what is the best plan of action.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In corporate governance, companies can benefit from the use of AI in different ways, obtaining important gains in efficiency and enhancing the long-term interests of the corporation while taking into account the interests of shareholders and other stakeholders.

“In corporate governance, companies can benefit from the use of AI in different ways, obtaining important gains in terms of efficiency and enhancing the long-term interests of the corporation while taking into account the interests of shareholders and other stakeholders.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the UK, governmental bodies such as the House of Lords Select Committee on AI and the All-Party Parliamentary Group on AI have been created to address economic, social and ethical implications of AI.

“In the UK, governmental bodies such as the UK's House of Lords Select Committee on AI and the All-Party Parliamentary Group on AI have been created to address the economic, social and ethical implications of developing and implementing artificial intelligence.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

A 'de minimis' risk-based regulation would allow creating a uniform model for different market actors while not hindering technological development and innovation.

“This 'de minimis' regulation would allow creating a uniform model to be applied to the different actors in the market while, at the same time, not hindering technological development and innovation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The higher the probability of causing harm, the more intense the regulator's intervention.

“Therefore, the higher the probability of causing harm, the more intense the regulator's intervention.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The European Commission's proposal is based on the concept of trustworthy AI developed by the High-Level Expert Group on AI.

“This proposal is based on the concept of trustworthy AI developed by the above-mentioned High-Level Expert Group on AI.”

• cites High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence (2019), p 4; see also Thiebes et al. (2021)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Mitigating risks and achieving global AI for the common good will require international cooperation and present a unique governance opportunity for regulators.

“As claimed before, mitigating risks and achieving global AI for the common good will require international cooperation and present a unique governance opportunity for regulators.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The proposed approach relies on the observance of the principle of proportionality because it balances regulatory intervention against the burden it creates for companies, especially SMEs.

“The proposed approach relies on the observance of the principle of proportionality since it balances regulatory intervention against the burden it creates for companies, especially SMEs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

AI providers will have to provide meaningful information about their systems and the conformity assessments carried out on those systems.

“In this regard, AI providers will have to provide meaningful information about their systems and the conformity assessments carried out on those systems.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Unregulated AI would be a threat to sustainability because it would not be possible to effectively monitor its effects on the economy, society and the environment.

“Instead of promoting sustainability, unregulated AI would be a threat to it because it would not be possible to effectively monitor its effects on the economy, society and the environment.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: It would not be possible to effectively monitor AI's effects on the economy, society and the environment if AI is unregulated.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The European Commission's initiative, if successfully implemented, will lead the journey toward harmonised AI regulation and might stimulate new proposals.

“However, the initiative of the European Commission-if successfully implemented-will lead this journey and might stimulate the development of new proposals.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The proposal imposes regulatory burdens only when an AI system is likely to pose high risks to fundamental rights and safety.

“The proposal imposes regulatory burdens only when an AI system is likely to pose high risks to fundamental rights and safety.”

May combine two claims.

Risk-based regulation facilitates robust governance, contributing to efficient and effective use of regulatory resources and delivering interventions in proportion to risk.

“risk-based regulation 'facilitates robust governance, contributing to efficient and effective use of regulatory resources and delivering interventions in proportion to risk'.182”

• cites [182]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The European Commission suggests establishing a 'European Artificial Intelligence Board' to coordinate and assist the competent national authorities in charge of ensuring the application and implementation of the European Regulation.

“The European Commission suggests establishing a 'European Artificial Intelligence Board' to coordinate and assist the competent national authorities in charge of ensuring the application and implementation of the European Regulation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Ensuring that corporate decisions are well-informed and based on trustworthy information will optimise the decision-making process and increase the success rate of sustainability policies.

“Ensuring that corporate decisions are well-informed and based on trustworthy information will optimise the decision-making process and increase the success rate of sustainability policies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

AI encompasses various technologies with different features and potential risks, and there is no one-size-fits-all solution for regulating it.

“AI encompasses various technologies with different features and potential risks, and there is no one-size-fits-all solution.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The European Commission's proposal for harmonised AI rules is based on EU values and fundamental rights and aims to give people confidence to embrace AI while encouraging businesses to develop it.

“As stated in the explanatory memorandum, the proposal is based on EU values and fundamental rights and aims to give people and other users the confidence to embrace AI-based solutions while encouraging businesses to develop them.”

• cites European Commission (2021), p 1Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Providers of non-high-risk AI systems are encouraged to create codes of conduct on a voluntary basis to apply the mandatory requirements for high-risk schemes.

“At the same time, providers of non-high-risk AI systems are encouraged to create codes of conduct on a voluntary basis to apply the mandatory requirements for high-risk schemes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The efficiencies and innovations generated by AI may also bring new risks, such as automated bias and conflicts with human ethics.

“On the other hand, the efficiencies and innovations generated by AI may also bring new risks, such as automated bias and conflicts with human ethics.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The specific measures to regulate AI systems will be different depending on the risk of causing harmful and unwanted consequences.

“The specific measures to regulate AI systems will be different depending on the risk of causing harmful and unwanted consequences.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

AI systems that create an unacceptable risk, for example, by violating fundamental rights, will be prohibited.

“Those that create an unacceptable risk, for example, by violating fundamental rights, will be prohibited.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Although the proposed AI regulation imposes some restrictions on the freedom to conduct business, this consequence is consistent with the objective to ensure that only safe products find their way to the market, and it is justified by overriding reasons of public interest.

“Although it imposes some restrictions on the freedom to conduct business, this consequence is consistent with the objective to ensure that only safe products find their way to the market, and it is justified by overriding reasons of public interest.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The combination of both mechanisms would facilitate early intervention and avoidance of foreseeable potential harms.

“The combination of both mechanisms would facilitate early intervention and avoidance of foreseeable potential harms.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

When it comes to corporate sustainability challenges, artificial intelligence is a double-edged sword.

“When it comes to corporate sustainability challenges, it has been found that artificial intelligence is a double-edged sword.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The full potential of AI will only be realised if human beings and communities have confidence in it.

“The full potential of AI will only be realised if human beings and communities have confidence in it.”

• cites High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence (2019), p 4; see also Thiebes et al. (2021)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

AI not only contributes to achieving social and environmental goals but can also be considered as a 'common good' itself since its use entails significant benefits for society.

“Following this reasoning, it can be argued that AI not only contributes to achieving social and environmental goals but can also be considered as a 'common good' itself since its use entails significant benefits for society.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Each Member State has to designate a national supervisory authority among the already existing structures.

“It means that each Member State has to designate a national supervisory authority among the already existing structures.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

This ex-post enforcement will complement companies' ex-ante conformity assessment through internal checks and auditing by third parties.

“This ex-post enforcement will complement companies' ex-ante conformity assessment through internal checks and auditing by third parties.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Harmonisation of law may help regulators define their approach to AI's risk clearly and consistently.

“The harmonisation of law may help regulators define their approach to AI's risk clearly and consistently.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

The European Commission's proposal aims to establish transparent, predictable and proportionate obligations to ensure legal certainty and effective enforcement of existing law on fundamental rights and safety requirements applicable to AI systems.

“At the same time, it aims to establish a set of transparent, predictable and proportionate obligations to ensure legal certainty and effective enforcement of existing law on fundamental rights and safety requirements applicable to AI systems.”

• cites European Commission (2021), p 3Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The proposal distinguishes between AI systems that create an unacceptable risk, a high risk, and a low or minimal risk.

“It distinguishes between AI systems that create an unacceptable risk, a high risk, and a low or minimal risk.188”

• cites [188]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The UK Parliament has suggested that the first overarching principle for an AI Code is that AI 'should be developed for the common good and benefit of humanity'.

“In this vein, the UK Parliament has suggested that the first overarching principle for an AI Code is that AI 'should be developed for the common good and benefit of humanity'.196”

• cites [196]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

All these regulatory efforts would be wasted in the absence of effective enforcement mechanisms.

“However, all these regulatory efforts would be wasted in the absence of effective enforcement mechanisms.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The AI systems that generate a high risk or are likely to do so in the future are listed in Annex III, based on the area in which they will be applied and their specific purpose.

“The AI systems that generate a high risk or are likely to do so in the future are listed in Annex III, based on the area in which they will be applied and their specific purpose.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

A suitable regulatory framework would create a consensus concerning the risks to avoid and how to do so, and include enforcement mechanisms to ensure a trustworthy and ethical use of AI in the boardroom.

“Such a suitable regulatory framework would not only create a consensus concerning the risks to avoid and how to do so, but also include enforcement mechanisms to ensure a trustworthy and ethical use of AI in the boardroom.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

The risk-based approach will help companies develop AI in a safe and beneficial direction, particularly suitable for regulators addressing risks from AI-associated accidents or misuse.

“However, we believe this approach will help companies develop AI in a safe and beneficial direction, particularly suitable for regulators with a mission to address risks from AI-associated accidents (safety) or misuse of AI (security).”

• cites [181]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

AI technology evolves rapidly, and traditional regulatory instruments are not suitable for immediate response to the new reality.

“Besides, the technology evolves by leaps and bounds, and the traditional regulatory instruments are not suitable for immediate response to the new reality.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The European Commission has recently endorsed the risk-based model in its proposal for a Regulation for AI.

“This model has recently been endorsed by the European Commission in its proposal for a Regulation for AI.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

As established in the proposal, AI providers will be obliged to inform national competent authorities about serious incidents or malfunctioning that constitute a breach of fundamental rights obligations as soon as they become aware of them, as well as any recalls or withdrawals of AI systems from the market.

“As established in the proposal, AI providers will be obliged to inform national competent authorities about serious incidents or malfunctioning that constitute a breach of fundamental rights obligations as soon as they become aware of them, as well as any recalls or withdrawals of AI systems from the market.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For AI systems that can result in a high risk for the health and safety or fundamental rights of natural persons, the proposal includes specific rules that should be observed as a condition to operate on the European market-such as requirements of high-quality data, documentation and traceability, transparency, human oversight, accuracy and robustness-and an ex-ante conformity assessment.

“For AI systems that can result in a high risk for the health and safety or fundamental rights of natural persons, the proposal includes specific rules that should be observed as a condition to operate on the European market-such as requirements of high-quality data, documentation and traceability, transparency, human oversight, accuracy and robustness-and an ex-ante conformity assessment.189”

• cites [189]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The advantages of risk-based regulation will accelerate companies' commitment to incorporating rigorous analysis of potential risks into corporate decisions.

“The advantages of risk-based regulation will accelerate companies' commitment to incorporating rigorous analysis of potential risks into corporate decisions.”

May combine two claims.

The proposed AI regulation is closely related to the Open Data Directive, the Proposal for a Regulation on European Data Governance, and the proposed Data Act, and complements the GDPR as well as legislation on consumer protection, non-discrimination and environmental protection.

“In order to protect privacy, personal data and other sensitive information, it is closely related to the Open Data Directive, 183 the Proposal for a Regulation on European Data Governance 184 and the proposed Data Act, 185 and complements the General Data Protection Regulation 186 (GDPR) as well as legislation on consumer protection, non-discrimination and environmental protection.”

• cites [183]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [184]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [185]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.