Byzantine Fault Tolerance, from Theory to Reality

The Byzantine generals problem

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Real-time systems: Design principles for distributed embedded applications

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The Quantum Postulate and the Recent Development of Atomic Theory1

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The Byzantine generals problem

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SIFT: Design and analysis of a fault-tolerant computer for aircraft control

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FTMP—A highly reliable fault-tolerant multiprocess for aircraft

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Impact of deep submicron technology on dependability of VLSI circuits

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Beyond the byzantine generals: unexpected behavior and bridging fault diagnosis

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Formal verification for time-triggered clock synchronization

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Measured Flip-Flop Responses to Marginal Triggering

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In-ConcReTeS: Interactive Consistency meets Distributed Real-Time Systems, Again!

Gujarati, A., Yang, N., & Brandenburg, B. B. (2022) · IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS) · doi:10.1109/rtss55097.2022.00027 · Cited by 4

A Scalable Monitoring Solution for Large-Scale Distributed Systems

Buga, A. (2015) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27340-2_28 · Cited by 4

Fault Injection and Monitoring Capability for a Fault-Tolerant Distributed Computation System

Torres-Pomales, W., Yates, A. M., & Malekpour, M. R. (2010) · NASA Technical Reports Server (NASA) · Cited by 4

A Proposed Byzantine Fault-Tolerant Voting Architecture using Time-Triggered Ethernet

Loveless, A. T., Fidi, C., & Wernitznigg, S. (2017) · SAE technical papers on CD-ROM/SAE technical paper series · doi:10.4271/2017-01-2111 · Cited by 4

BYRDIE: A BYZANTINE-RESILIENT DISTRIBUTED LEARNING ALGORITHM

Yang, Z., & Bajwa, W. U. (2018) · IEEE Data Science Workshop (DSW) · doi:10.1109/dsw.2018.8439115 · Cited by 4

An Overview of Blockchain Technology: Architecture and Consensus Protocols

Himanshu, R. (2022) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119785569.ch12 · Cited by 4

P-HotStuff: Parallel BFT algorithm with throughput insensitive to propagation delay

Zhu, F., You, L., Wang, J., & Li, L. (2025) · Computer Networks · doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2025.111183 · Cited by 3

Triple-T (Time-Triggered Transmission).

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Blockchain Scalability: Solutions, Challenges and Future Possibilities

Roy, M., Singh, M., & Radhakrishnan, B. (2023) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-1410-4_12 · Cited by 3

ADS-B and CPDLC fault modeling for safety assessment in a distributed environment

Sudarsanan, V. S., Jacobs, M. A., Dervisevic, A., & DeLaurentis, D. A. (2018) · IEEE Aerospace Conference (AERO) · doi:10.1109/aero.2018.8396582 · Cited by 3

Reaching self-stabilising distributed synchronisation with COTS Ethernet components: the WALDEN approach

Yu, S., Zhu, J., & Yang, J. (2021) · Real-Time Systems · doi:10.1007/s11241-020-09356-x · Cited by 3

Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) and Byzantine Fault Tolerance in Blockchain

Shrivastava, S., & Sharma, A. K. (2022) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-0707-4_86 · Cited by 3

Efficient practical Byzantine consensus using random linear network coding

Braun, M., Wiesmaier, A., & Alnahawi, N. (2022) · Annals of Telecommunications · doi:10.1007/s12243-022-00930-x · Cited by 3

A Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance Blockchain for Securing Vehicle-to-Grid Energy Trading

Vedant, A., Yadav, A., Sharma, S., Thite, O., & Sheikh, A. (2022) · Global Energy Conference (GEC) · doi:10.1109/gec55014.2022.9986685 · Cited by 3

Toward Time Synchronization in Delay Tolerant Network based Solar System Internetworking

Hylton, A., Tsuei, N., Ronnenberg, M., Hwang, J., Mallery, B., Quartin, J., Levaunt, C., Quail, J., & Curry, J. M. (2023) · IEEE Aerospace Conference (AERO) · doi:10.1109/aero55745.2023.10115764 · Cited by 3

Historical Aerospace Software Errors Categorized to Influence Fault Tolerance

Prokop, L. E. (2024) · IEEE Aerospace Conference (AERO) · doi:10.1109/aero58975.2024.10521061 · Cited by 3

Multicast survivability in hierarchical broadcast networks

Azadmanesh, A., KRINGS, A. W., & Laqab, D. (2008) · Cited by 3

Distributed Ledger Technology for Closed Environment

Masood, F., & Faridi, A. R. (2019) · International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development · Cited by 3

Byzantine Agreement

Okun, M. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30162-4_60 · Cited by 3

Transparent three-phase Byzantine fault tolerance for parallel and distributed simulations

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Unboxing trustworthiness through quantum internet

Zaballos, A., Mallorquí, A., & Navarro, J. (2023) · Computer Networks · doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2023.110094 · Cited by 2

Safeguarding IoT: Harnessing Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance for Robust Security

Zafar, N., Khanna, A. K., Jain, S., Ali, Z., & Ahamed, J. (2024) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-6544-1_22 · Cited by 2

TiBroco: A Fast and Secure Distributed Learning Framework for Tiered Wireless Edge Networks

Han, D.-J., Sohn, J.-Y., & Moon, J. J. (2021) · IEEE Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM) · doi:10.1109/infocom42981.2021.9488860 · Cited by 2

Implementing Dead Letter Exchanges in MQTT and Proposing a Broker Failure Algorithm Utilizing Blockchain DNS

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Cluster Survivability with ByzwATCh: A Byzantine Hardware Fault Detector for Parallel Machines with Charm++

Mogilevsky, D., Koenig, G. A., & Yurcik, W. (2006) · Cited by 2

Rapid and Proactive Approach on Exploration of Vulnerabilities in Cloud based Operating Systems

Ramachandran, S., & Ramachandran, A. (2012) · International Journal of Computer Applications · doi:10.5120/5674-7711 · Cited by 2

Dependability

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An Approach for the Assessment of System Upset Resilience

Torres-Pomales, W. (2013) · NASA STI Repository (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) · Cited by 2

Role of Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) in Maintaining Patient Health Records Using Block Chain Technology

Venkatesan, A., & Kumar, B. S. (2020) · International Conference on Interdisciplinary Cyber Physical Systems (ICPS) · doi:10.1109/icps51508.2020.00007 · Cited by 2

Blockchain-Based IoT Architecture

Sharma, S. G., Parihar, A., & Gahlot, K. (2021) · EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77637-4_10 · Cited by 2

Distributed Consensus for Permissioned Blockchain

Tanwar, S. (2022) · Studies in autonomic, data-driven and industrial computing · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-1488-1_8 · Cited by 2

System Design

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Diagnosing a Failed Proof in Fault-Tolerance: A Disproving Challenge Problem

Pike, L., Miner, P. S., & Torres-Pomales, W. (2006) · Cited by 2

Byzantine Agreement

Okun, M. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2864-4_60 · Cited by 2

Boolean Byzantine Fault Tolerant Algorithm for Light Weight IoT ConsensusPreprint

Sarker, K. U. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4575514/v1 · Cited by 2

The advance of consensus algorithm in blockchain

Wei, R. (2023) · Applied and Computational Engineering · doi:10.54254/2755-2721/18/20230954 · Cited by 1

Wireless May Benefit Blockchain

Kim, S., & Choi, J. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app15010334 · Cited by 1

Blockchain-Based Business Model: Open Innovation Strategy for Smart Edge Data Flow

Feng, X., Hong, Y., Guo, L., Feng, G., & Chen, H. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-06176-8_13 · Cited by 1

Analysis and challenges of implementing post-quantum cryptographic algorithms in ethereum and hyperledger fabric networks

Grebnev, S. V., Melnichuk, Y., Poltavskaya, I., Turchenko, O., Kurochkin, A., & Polubelov, A. (2025) · Journal of Computer Virology and Hacking Techniques · doi:10.1007/s11416-025-00585-x · Cited by 1

Fault tolerant triangulation in distributed aircraft networks with Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B)

Uhlig, D. V., Kiyavash, N., & Neogi, N. A. (2010) · International Journal of Systems Control and Communications · doi:10.1504/ijscc.2010.031168 · Cited by 1

The 2006 Federated Logic Conference

Seattle, T. (2006) · Cited by 1

Ontological Hazard Analysis of a Communications Bus

Ladkin, P. B., & Ladkin, P. B. (2010) · Cited by 1

ODEEP - Open Dependable Electrical and Electronics Platform – Concept and Projects

Johansson, L.-Å., Lindahl, M., Sivencrona, H., & Törngren, M. (2005) · SAE technical papers on CD-ROM/SAE technical paper series · doi:10.4271/2005-01-1284 · Cited by 1

Verification and validation of distributed flight critical systems

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Roll your own test bed for embedded real-time protocols

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Investigating Actuation Force Fight with Asynchronous and Synchronous Redundancy Management Techniques

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Achal

Gujarati, A., Appel, M., & Brandenburg, B. B. (2019) · doi:10.1145/3349568.3351545 · Cited by 1

Building a Robust Distributed Voting System Using Consortium Blockchain

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Fuzzy Inference System for Byzantine Fault Tolerance in IoT Security

Sundareswaran, N., & Sasirekha, S. (2023) · Revue d intelligence artificielle · doi:10.18280/ria.370625 · Cited by 1

A Simple Calculus of Confidence

Ladkin, P. B. (2021) · doi:10.65391/r1326 · Cited by 1

Sustaining Property Verification of Synchronous Dependable Protocols Over Implementation

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Survivable multicast communication in bus-based networks

Laqab, D., Azadmanesh, A., & Sharif, H. (2008) · International Conference on Telecommunications · Cited by 1

Resource-efficient Fault and Intrusion Tolerance

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Addressing Scalability Issues in Blockchain: A Use case from HealthcarePreprint

Sadath, L., Mehrotra, D., & Kumar, A. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1903767/v1 · Cited by 1

A Test Generation Framework for Distributed Fault-Tolerant Algorithms

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Toward Monitoring Fault-Tolerant Embedded Systems (Extended Abstract)

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A Membership Agreement Algorithm Detecting and Tolerating Asymmetric Timing Faults

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Overview of Threats and Failure Models for Safety-Relevant Computer-Based Systems

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An Overview of the V&V of Flight-Critical Systems Effort at NASA

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Voting Sharing: An Approach to Reducing Computation Time for Fault Diagnosis in Time-Triggered Systems

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Distributed Computing Column 39

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Achieving Agreement In Three Rounds With Bounded-Byzantine Faults

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INAUGURAL-DISSERTATION zur

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Overview of Risk Mitigation for Safety-Critical Computer-Based Systems

Torres-Pomales, W. (2015) · NASA STI Repository (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)

Workflow Scheduling with Fault Tolerance

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Analysis of Relationship Between Modes of Intercomputer Communications and Fault Types in Redundant Computer Systems

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A Fault-Tolerant Clock Synchronization and Geometry Determination Protocol

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Enhancing Service Integrity of Byzantine Fault Tolerant Applications

Zhao, W. (2014) · Advances in information quality and management · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-5888-2.ch276

Language for Unified Verification and Implementation for Distributed Avionics

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Design and implementation of a blockchain shipping application

Bouidani, M. M. (2019) · UVic’s Research and Learning Repository (University of Victoria)

Practical framework for Byzantine fault-tolerant systems

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Compositional Behavioral Fault Analysis

Stewart, D. (2021) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)

Byzantine-resilient decentralized learning

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Artificial Intelligence BlockCloud (AIBC) Technical WhitepaperPreprint

Deng, Q. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3464239

Reaching Efficient Byzantine Agreements in Bipartite Networks

Yu, S., Zhu, J., Yang, J., & Lu, W. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3175998

Blockchain-based Business Model: Open Innovation Strategy for Smart Edge Data FlowPreprint

Liu, C., & Feng, T. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3562567/v1

BeRGeR: Byzantine-Robust Geometric Routing

Zaz, B., Nesterenko, M., & Sharma, G. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-67321-4_17

Enhancing Scalability and Performance in Distributed Systems: Analyzing Locking Mechanisms in HA Key-Value Stores

de Castro, N. L. E. S., Souza, C. T., & Rodrigues, A. W. D. O. (2024) · Escola Regional de Computação Ceará, Maranhão, Piauí (ERCEMAPI) · doi:10.5753/ercemapi.2024.243712

Research on Security Storage and Access Control System of Big Data in Universities Based on Blockchain Technology

Xiao, Y. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Sensors, Electronics and Computer Engineering (ICSECE) · doi:10.1109/icsece61636.2024.10729358

A Reliable Extrapolative Capacity Estimation Method for Complex Distributed Web Services

Zhou, H., & Kang, R. (2024) · International Conference on Dependable Systems and Their Applications (DSA) · doi:10.1109/dsa63982.2024.00046

Adaptive Fault-Tolerant distributed Systems for Real-Time Critical Workloads

Algubelli, B. R., & Malikireddy, S. K. R. (2018) · International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology · doi:10.32628/ijsrst2295224

Blockchain method for preventing fake image publication

Bobulski, J., & Kubanek, M. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData) · doi:10.1109/bigdata62323.2024.10825340

Short-HotStuff: Two-Chain BFT Algorithm With Linear Complexity and Optimistic Responsiveness

Zhu, F., You, L., Wang, J., & Li, L. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2025.3595730

Decentralized Byzantine‐Resilient Dictionary Learning

Xiao, L., Liu, W., & Mao, X. (2025) · Stat · doi:10.1002/sta4.70102

Simultaneous network gradient descent for decentralized federated learning with missing data

Zhang, X., Yan, Z., & Wang, L. (2025) · Analysis and Applications · doi:10.1142/s0219530526500090

Enhancing RAFT Consensus With Network Reliability in Permissioned Blockchains

Peng, Y., & Huang, J. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Reliability · doi:10.1109/tr.2025.3627300

Anomaly-based self-healing framework in distributed systems

Hariri, S., & Kim, B. U. (2008)

A Review of Blockchain Consensus Algorithm Research

Xue, Q., Li, B., & Li, S. (2025) · International Conference on Intelligent Informatics and Biomedical Sciences (ICIIBMS) · doi:10.1109/iciibms66230.2025.11316753

Byzantine Generals Attack an Airbus A320

Daniels, D. (2024) · doi:10.65391/r1904

What do Byzantine Generals and Airbus Airliners Have in Common?

Daniels, D. (2022) · doi:10.65391/r1540

A GDPR-by-Design Blockchain Architecture for Spontaneous and Ephemeral Social Networks

Yahiatene, Y., Rachedi, A., & Riahla, M. A. (2026) · Journal of Network and Systems Management · doi:10.1007/s10922-026-10079-w

ShuttleCross: An Efficient Cross-Chain Smart Contract Invocation Framework

Zhang, R., Ding, Q., Liu, Q., Guan, S., Xiao, Z., & Long, J. (2026) · International Conference on Dependable Systems & Networks/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/dsn69566.2026.00041

Blockchain Implementation for Digital Transaction Data Security: A Permissioned-Ledger Framework with Cryptographic Integrity and Byzantine Fault-Tolerant Consensus

Moedjahedy, J. (2026) · JINAV Journal of Information and Visualization · doi:10.35877/454ri.jinav4893

Abstractions for Maintainable Byzantine Fault Tolerance

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The real Byzantine Generals

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Specifying and verifying fault-tolerant systems

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Byzantine Failures and Security: Arbitrary is not (always) Random

Gärtner, F. C. (2003) · Cited by 31

Practical Byzantine fault tolerance

de Castro, M. O. T. (2000) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)