Lymphocytes in the lung: an often neglected cell: Numbers, characterization and compartmentalization
Abstract
The lung is continuously in contact with inhaled particles, some of which are of microbial origin. This requires adequate defence mechanisms in the form of immune reactions. These can be subdivided into the afferent and efferent limb. Specific immune reactions depend on the interactions between lymphoid and accessory cells. Therefore, the local histotopographic localization of lymphocyte subsets has to be known to understand pulmonary immune reactions. As lymphocytes have often not been mentioned when cells in the respiratory tract have been characterized, their compartmentalization, number and subset composition in the lung are outlined here. Lymphocytes are found in the epithelium and lamina propria of the bronchi with different subset compositions. In some species, like the rabbit, bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) is found as follicle-like aggregations with lymphocytes infiltrating the epithelium, which shows specialized epithelial cells. BALT, however, is not a constitutive structure in all species, e.g. in humans. Nevertheless, certain (probably) microbial stimuli can induce BALT in adult humans. In contrast to many other organs, the lung vascular bed contains large numbers of lymphocytes. Little is known about the adhesion molecules that make this margination possible. In the lung interstitium about 10 x 10(9) lymphocytes have been calculated for healthy adults. The most easily accessible pool of lymphocytes in the human lung are those recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage. The vast majority of such lymphocytes express markers typical for "memory lymphocytes". The intrapulmonary migratory routes of lymphocytes and the integration of the lung in the common mucosal immune system are described.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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An age-dependent increase in cytotoxic CD8+ and memory CD4+ T cells in the airways of COPD patients may further disease progression.
“An age-dependent increase in cytotoxic CD8+ and memory CD4+ T cells in the airways of COPD patients may further disease progression (86, 130, 132).”
From Aging and Lung Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [130]
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Self-citationGeudens, N., Vanaudenaerde, B. M., Neyrinck, A., Wauwer, C. V. D., Rega, F., Verleden, G. M., Verbeken, E. K., Lerut, A., & Raemdonck, D. E. V. (2006) · The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation · doi:10.1016/j.healun.2006.03.015 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Proteomic profiling of lymphocytes in autoimmunity, inflammation and cancer
Zhou, J., Zhu, Z., Bai, C., Sun, H., & Wang, X. (2014) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/1479-5876-12-6 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The respiratory tract in pigs and its immune system: a review
Krejci, J., Nechvátalová, K., Blahutkova, M., & Faldyna, M. (2013) · Veterinární Medicína · doi:10.17221/6759-vetmed · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Adaptive B Cell Responses to Influenza Virus Infection in the Lung
Takahashi, Y., Onodera, T., Adachi, Y., & Ato, M. (2017) · Viral Immunology · doi:10.1089/vim.2017.0025 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Klemm, A., Tschernig, T., Krug, N., & Pabst, R. (1998) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2249.1998.00657.x · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationTschernig, T., Fliegert, F., Westermann, J., & Pabst, R. (1999) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/09031936.99.13106699 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationNeonatal Pulmonary Host Defense
Good, M. L., Kolls, J. K., & Empey, K. M. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-35214-7.00130-x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Impact of zinc on immunometabolism and its putative role on respiratory diseases
Yao, J. H., Ortega, E. F., & Panda, A. (2025) · Immunometabolism · doi:10.1097/in9.0000000000000057 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Christenson, J. L., Williams, M. M., & Richer, J. K. (2022) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00181.2022 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Niven, R. W. (2010) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2010.10.004 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Klemm, A., Tschernig, T., Ermert, L., Althoff, A., Merkle, M., Gebert, A., Ermert, M., Seeger, W., & Pabst, R. (2000) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2249.2000.01265.x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationDifferential migration of Th1 and Th2 cells—implications for vaccine and infection studies
Meeusen, E. N. T. (1998) · Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology · doi:10.1016/s0165-2427(98)00092-0 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lin, S. S., Holzknecht, Z. E., Trama, A. M., Everett, M. L., Thomas, A. D., Su, K., Lee, S. M., Perkins, S. E., Whitesides, J. F., McDermott, P., et al. (2012) · Journal of Evolutionary Medicine · doi:10.4303/jem/q120503 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Lymphoid specificity of a copy number-related expression of the H2-Kb transgene
Hatina, J. (1999) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/s0161-5890(98)00113-8 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Phenotyping of leukocytes in the lungs of potoroid marsupials
Young, L. J. (2010) · Comparative Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1007/s00580-010-1056-8 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Thompson, A., London, L., & London, S. D. (1999) · Cellular Immunology · doi:10.1006/cimm.1999.1587 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissues
Bienenstock, J., & Clancy, R. L. (2005) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012491543-5/50024-3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Spatiotemporal Cellular Networks Maintain Immune Homeostasis in the Lung
Borger, J. G. (2020) · EMJ Respiratory · doi:10.33590/emjrespir/20-00167 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Gerber, S. A., Turner, M. J., Lugade, A. A., Moran, J. P., Frelinger, J. G., & Lord, E. M. (2004) · The Prostate · doi:10.1002/pros.20169 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Local proliferation contributes to lymphocyte numbersin normal lungs
Tschernig, T., Hoffmann, A., & Pabst, R. (2001) · Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology · doi:10.1078/0940-2993-00173 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationNeonatal Pulmonary Host Defense
Empey, K. M., & Kolls, J. K. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-3479-7.10159-4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Hartl, D. (2003) · Elektronische Hochschulschriften der LMU München (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München) · doi:10.5282/edoc.1531 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Busche, A., Goldmann, T., Naumann, U., Steinle, A., & Brandau, S. (2005) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/hum.2005.17.ft-164 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Tschanz, S. A., Burri, P. H., Schittny, J. C., Poets, C., Nicolai, T., Hammer, J., Zach, M., Riedler, J., Böning, D., Hütler, M., et al. (2004) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-09182-1_1
Self-citationImmunohistochemical Analysis of MCC, TARC and CD 104 Antigens in Human Lung Tissue
Korkmaz, M., Akkuş, M., YILDIRIM, A., Baran, Ö., & Aktaş, A. (2010) · Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.5336/medsci.2009-13920
Glader, P. (2006) · Lund University Publications (Lund University)
Searching for Protein Biomarkers of Disease in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid
Nguyen, E. V. (2012) · ResearchWorks at the University of Washington (University of Washington)
Tschanz, S. A., Burri, P. H., Schittny, J. C., Poets, C., Nicolai, T., Hammer, J., Zach, M., Riedler, J., Böning, D., Hütler, M., et al. (1999) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-09184-5_1
Self-citationInflammatory Cells of the Lung: Lymphoid Cells
Luedders, J., & Poole, J. A. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95488-4.00116-9
The Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Systems
Zimmerman, B., Lorbach, J. N., Wancket, L. M., & Bradley, A. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822528-8.00018-1
Lo, B. (2008) · DukeSpace (Duke University)
- Authors
- Pabst, R., & Tschernig, T.
- Affiliations
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (DE)
- Venue
- Anatomy and Embryology
- Published
- 1995-10
- Volume
- 192
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 293-299
- ISSN
- 0340-2061 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0568
- OpenAlex
- W2334187557
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 0.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Anatomy and Embryology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotoxicology and immune responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Transplantation: Methods and Outcomes
- Keywords
- pulmonary lymphocytes, bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue, lung immunity, bronchial epithelium, lamina propria, lymphocyte subsets, bronchoalveolar lavage, memory lymphocytes, lymphocyte migration, mucosal immune system, adhesion molecules, lung interstitium
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Bronchi, Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid, Germ-Free Life, Humans, Lung, Lymphocytes, Lymphoid Tissue, Species Specificity, Cell Adhesion Molecules, Lymphocyte Subsets
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