What do citations count? the rhetoric-first model
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Cites
Nigel Gilbert, G. (1977) · Social Studies of Science · doi:10.1177/030631277700700112 · Cited by 691 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
What do citation counts measure? A review of studies on citing behavior
Bornmann, L., & Daniel, H. (2008) · Journal of Documentation · doi:10.1108/00220410810844150 · Cited by 1,607 · see citing works
Citations, Citation Indicators, and Research Quality: An Overview of Basic Concepts and Theories
Aksnes, D. W., Langfeldt, L., & Wouters, P. (2019) · Sage Open · doi:10.1177/2158244019829575 · Cited by 1,257 · see citing works
A Review of Theory and Practice in Scientometrics
Mingers, J., & Leydesdorff, L. (2015) · European Journal of Operational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2015.04.002 · Cited by 1,002 · see citing works
Leydesdorff, L. (1998) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/bf02458391 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Core Elements in the Process of Citing Publications: Conceptual Overview of the Literature
Tahamtan, I., & Bornmann, L. (2018) · Journal of Informetrics · doi:10.1016/j.joi.2018.01.002 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Luukkonen, T. (1997) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/bf02461121 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Citation life cycles of ten citation classics
Cano, V., & Lind, N. C. (1991) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/bf02020003 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Reward, persuasion, and the Sokal Hoax: A study in citation identities
White, H. D. (2004) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1023/b:scie.0000027313.91401.9b · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Yue, W., & Wilson, C. S. (2004) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1023/b:scie.0000034377.93437.18 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cozzens, S. E.
- Affiliations
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cozzens, Susan E.
- ORCID
- Cozzens, Susan E.
- Venue
- Scientometrics
- Published
- 1989-05
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 5-6
- Pages
- 437-447
- ISSN
- 0138-9130 (ISSN-L)
- 1588-2861
- OpenAlex
- W2070437482
- Cited by
- 264
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 4.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Scientometrics (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › scientometrics and bibliometrics research
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Web visibility and informetrics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
- Keywords
- citation analysis, citation patterns, academic recognition, research evaluation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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