CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 139Behavioral and Psychological StudiesHuman Resource Development and Performance EvaluationEmployee Performance and Management

An Assessment-based Solution to a Human-Service Employee Performance Problem: An Initial Evaluation of the Performance Diagnostic Checklist — Human Services

Open access
Carr, James E., Wilder, David A., Majdalany, Lina, Mathisen, David, Strain, Leigh Ann·2013·Behavior Analysis in Practice
DOI 10.1007/bf03391789PMC PMC3680147
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

The Performance Diagnostic Checklist (PDC) has been used in a number of investigations to assess the environmental determinants of substandard employee performance. Carr et al. (2013) revised the PDC to explicitly assess the performance of employees in human-service settings who are responsible for providing care to others: the Performance Diagnostic Checklist-Human Services (PDC-HS).

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/bf03391789

Cites

24 of 24 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 3 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingreasoning

    The present study extended the existing PDC literature by evaluating the instrument's predictive validity.

    “The present study also extended the existing PDC literature by evaluating the instrument's predictive validity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Premisecitation

    The PDC has been used in a number of investigations to assess the environmental determinants of poor employee performance.

    “The Performance Diagnostic Checklist (PDC) has been used in a number of investigations to assess the environmental determinants of poor employee performance.”
    • Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
      “A number of recent empirical investigations have employed the PDC to help solve employee performance problems.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Rodriguez et al. (2005) source
    • cites Austin, Weatherly, and Gravina (2005) source
    • cites Eikenhout and Austin (2005) source
  • Study design and conductreasoning

    The indirect nature of the PDC-HS is an inherent limitation.

    “Finally, the indirect nature of the PDC-HS is an inherent limitation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Study design and conductreasoning

    The study included a nonfunction-based treatment comparison to assess the predictive validity of the PDC-HS.

    “The present study included a nonfunction-based treatment comparison to assess the predictive validity of the PDC-HS.”
    • Also stated in: § Procedure · plain
      “The purpose of the second intervention was to examine the effects of a nonindicated intervention on task completion.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Interpretationown data

    The PDC-HS may prove useful in solving performance problems in human-service settings.

    “This preliminary validation study suggests the PDC-HS may prove useful in solving performance problems in human-service settings.”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
      “the PDC-HS should be useful, if not in always identifying effective interventions, then by getting practicing behavior analysts to attend to a wider array of factors that can affect supervisee performance and rely less on common default interventions such as retraining.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 2
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 6
  • May combine two claims. 5

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    The alternative intervention (task clarification and increased availability of materials), which was not indicated by the PDC-HS, was ineffective in the two rooms where it was implemented.

    “Both implementations of the alterative intervention were ineffective.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingnone given

    The PDC-HS consists of 20 questions organized into four sections: Training; Task Clarification & Prompting; Resources, Materials, & Processes; and Performance Consequences, Effort, and Competition.

    “tions: (a) Training; (b) Task Clarification & Prompting; (c) Resources, Materials, & Processes; and (d) Performance Consequences, Effort, and Competition.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingreasoning

    The PDC-HS was developed to explicitly assess the performance of employees in human-service settings who are responsible for providing care to others.

    “The PDC was revised to explicitly assess the performance of employees in human-service settings who are responsible for providing care to others: the Performance Diagnostic Checklist -Human Services (PDC-HS).”
    • Also stated in: § The PDC-HS · plain
      “The PDC-HS was developed to assess the environmental determinants of human-service staff performance problems.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    An intervention targeting training on participant duties and performance feedback was implemented across eight treatment rooms and increased performance in all rooms.

    “As a result, an intervention targeting training on participant duties and performance feedback was implemented across eight treatment rooms; the intervention increased performance in all rooms.”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
      “An intervention (training and graphed feedback) targeting these variables was implemented across eight treatment rooms; the intervention increased participant performance in all rooms.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The PDC-HS implicated a lack of proper training on participant duties and a lack of performance feedback as contributors to the performance problems.

    “The PDC-HS implicated a lack of proper training on participant duties and a lack of performance feedback as contributors to the performance problems.”
    • Also stated in: § PDC-HS · hedged
      “The PDC-HS identified a lack of proper training on participant duties and a lack of feedback on performance as potentially being responsible for participant perfor-mance problems for all 3 of the BCBA respondents interviewed.”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
      “The PDC-HS implicated a lack of proper training on participant duties and a lack of performance feedback as contributors to the performance problems.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    IOA on the administration of the PDC-HS was not assessed.

    “Fifth, IOA on the administration of the PDC-HS was not assessed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The study assessed only a limited range of the content of the PDC-HS; specifically, interventions designed to address problems with prompting and the availability of materials were not examined.

    “First, we assessed only a limited range of the content of the PDC-HS.Specifically, we assessed interventions designed to address problems with training and feedback.Interventions designed to address identified problems with prompting and the availability of materials were not examined.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Interobserver agreement data were collected for at least 40% of sessions (range, 40% to 71%) in eight treatment rooms, with means ranging from 91% to 97% across rooms.

    “Agreement was assessed for at least 40% of sessions (range, 40% to 71%) in eight treatment”
    • Also stated in: § 20 PERFORMANCE DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST -HUMAN SERVICES · plain
      “Means and ranges for IOA data were as follows: Room A, 96% (range, 78% to 100%); Room B, 97% (range, 82% to 100%); Room C, 96% (range, 81% to 100%); Room D, 96% (range, 81% to 100%); Room E, 95% (range, 75% to 100%); Room F, 93% (range, 78% to 100%); Room G, 93% (range, 80% to 100%); and Room H, 91% (range, 78% to 100%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study used a concurrent multiple-baseline design across treatment rooms to evaluate intervention effects.

    “We used a (concurrent) multiple-baseline design across treatment rooms to evaluate intervention effects.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationown data

    The present study demonstrates a method for assessing predictive validity that should be employed to assess newly developed functional assessment procedures.

    “The present study also extends the literature on the PDC by demonstrating a method for assessing predictive validity, a strategy that should be employed to assess newly developed functional assessment procedures.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The present article contributes to the performance management literature by introducing the PDC-HS, an assessment that can be used to examine the variables that contribute to staff performance problems in human-service settings.

    “In conclusion, the present article contributes to the performance management literature by introducing the PDC-HS, an assessment that can be used to examine the variables that contribute to staff performance problems in human-service settings.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
11 of 11

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Feedback was posted before the data were collected

    Minor

    The procedure says observers checked rooms 10-15 minutes after each session, but also says the experimenter graphed and posted those data within 5 minutes of the session ending. Both timings cannot describe the same session data.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Gilbert, T. F. (1978). Human competence. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Carr, J. E., Wilder, D. A., Majdalany, L., Mathisen, D., & Strain, L. A.
Affiliations
Florida Institute of Technology (US)
Corresponding author
Carr, James E.
ORCID
Venue
Behavior Analysis in Practice
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2013-06
Volume
6
Issue
1
Pages
16-32
ISSN
  • 1998-1929 (ISSN-L)
  • 2196-8934
DOI
10.1007/bf03391789
PMC
PMC3680147
OpenAlex
W28058793
Cited by
139
References
24
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 2
FWCI
6.89
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Behavior Analysis in Practice (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Human Resource Development and Performance Evaluation
  • Social Sciences › Human Factors and Ergonomics › Employee Performance and Management
Keywords
performance-based contracts, employee performance, performance feedback, treatment rooms

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-11.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-11.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review