WHAT MAKES EXTINCTION WORK: AN ANALYSIS OF PROCEDURAL FORM AND FUNCTION
Open accessAbstract
We examined methods for determining how extinction should be applied to different functions of self‐injurious behavior (SIB). Assessment data indicated that the head banging of 3 children with developmental disabilities was maintained by different reinforcement contingencies: One subject's SIB was positively reinforced by attention from adults, the 2nd subject's SIB was negatively reinforced by escape from educational tasks, and the 3rd subject's SIB appeared to be automatically reinforced or “self‐stimulatory” in nature. Three functional variations of extinction—EXT (attention), EXT (escape), and EXT (sensory)—were evaluated, and each subject was exposed to at least two of these variations in reversal or multiple baseline designs. Reductions in SIB were observed only when implementation of “extinction” involved the discontinuation of reinforcement previously shown to be responsible for maintaining the behavior. These results highlight important differences among treatment techniques based on the same behavioral principle (extinction) when applied to topographically similar but functionally dissimilar responses, and further illustrate the practical implications of a functional analysis of behavior disorders for designing, selecting, and classifying therapeutic interventions.
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- Authors
- Iwata, B. A., Pace, G. M., Cowdery, G. E., & Miltenberger, R. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Florida (US)
- North Dakota State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Iwata, Brian A.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1994-03
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 131-144
- ISSN
- 0021-8855 (ISSN-L)
- 1938-3703
- PMC
- PMC1297782
- OpenAlex
- W2130474705
- Semantic Scholar
- e0406257b72d358e35bd6033066ddf7894e5d401
- Cited by
- 338
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 12.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Florida Department of Health
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- extinction, self-harm, head banging, developmental disabilities, automatic reinforcement, self-stimulation, functional analysis, treatment selection, children
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Behavior Therapy, Child, Education of Persons with Intellectual Disabilities, Extinction, Psychological, Female, Humans, Male, Intellectual Disability, Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care, Reinforcement, Psychology, Social Environment, Self-Injurious Behavior
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