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Stability analysis for Q-balls with spectral method

Chen, Qian, Andersson, Lars, Li, Li·2026·Journal of High Energy Physics
DOI 10.1007/jhep02(2026)078
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Abstract

A bstract: Based on the spectral decomposition technique, we introduce a simple and universal numerical method to analyze the stability of solitons. Adopting this method, the linear dynamical properties of Q -balls are systematically revealed, from the fundamental to the excited states. For the fundamental Q -ball, the well-known stability criterion holds. However, for the excited Q -balls, the situation becomes extremely complicated, in which the stability criterion is violated. The system exhibits dynamical instability to both spherically symmetric and non-spherically symmetric perturbations, manifested in the appearance of complex and imaginary modes. In addition, we observe two interesting phenomena. One is that the oscillation mode and the complex or imaginary mode can transform into each other, marking the transition of the dynamical properties of the system. The other is the existence of excited Q -balls capable of resisting perturbations with low-order spherical harmonics. Such results indicate that the excited Q -balls will exhibit rich dynamical behaviors.

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Metadata

Authors
Chen, Q., Andersson, L., & Li, L.
Venue
Journal of High Energy Physics
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2026-02-05
Volume
2026
Issue
2
ISSN
1029-8479
DOI
10.1007/jhep02(2026)078
Cited by
2
Language
en
Licence
Funders
  • China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2024M760691)
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (12447129, W2431012, 12525503, 12447101)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Stability analysis for Q-balls with spectral method. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1007/jhep02(2026)078
The paper
Chen, Q., Andersson, L., & Li, L. (2026). Stability analysis for Q-balls with spectral method. Journal of High Energy Physics. https://doi.org/10.1007/jhep02(2026)078