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The conformal bootstrap at finite temperature
Abstract
A bstract: We initiate an approach to constraining conformal field theory (CFT) data at finite temperature using methods inspired by the conformal bootstrap for vacuum correlation functions. We focus on thermal one- and two-point functions of local operators on the plane. The KMS condition for thermal two-point functions is cast as a crossing equation. By studying the analyticity properties of thermal two-point functions, we derive a “thermal inversion formula” whose output is the set of thermal one-point functions for all operators appearing in a given OPE. This involves identifying a kinematic regime which is the analog of the Regge regime for four-point functions. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the inversion formula by recovering the spectrum and thermal one-point functions in mean field theory, and computing thermal one-point functions for all higher-spin currents in the critical O ( N ) model at leading order in 1 /N . Furthermore, we develop a systematic perturbation theory for thermal data in the large spin, low-twist spectrum of any CFT. We explain how the inversion formula and KMS condition may be combined to algorithmically constrain CFTs at finite temperature. Throughout, we draw analogies to the bootstrap for vacuum four-point functions. Finally, we discuss future directions for the thermal conformal bootstrap program, emphasizing applications to various types of CFTs, including those with holographic duals.
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![Figure 5 An illustration of the relation between s - and t -channels in the 〈 φφ 〉 β correlator. The two channels are related by moving the external operators around the thermal circle (gray). A single term in the t -channel OPE O ∈ φ × φ inverts to the sum over the [ φφ ] n families in the s -channel. Alternatively, the sum over the [ φφ ] n families in the s -channel reproduces the O term in the t -channel.](/paper-figures/48fb0759be0f4e329128ebf70dbb11d6/the-conformal-bootstrap-at-finite-temperature-figure-5.png)
![Figure 6 Large-spin diagrams illustrating the contribution to the anomalous dimensions of [ φφ ] n from the exchange of O .](/paper-figures/c02474b1cb16480694111130fb32f005/the-conformal-bootstrap-at-finite-temperature-figure-6.png)
![Figure 7 The diagram on the right can be thought of as the product of the two subdiagrams. Reading it from left to right, it's comprised of the contribution of O to the anomalous dimensions of [ φφ ] n , and the thermal coefficients of the [ φφ ] n families proportional to b 1 . Accordingly, it should be interpreted as the asymptotic piece with δ ( O ) [ φφ ] n ( ¯ h ) × a ( 1 ) [ φφ ] n ( ¯ h ) in the sum over [ φφ ] 0 .](/paper-figures/1f89ad985f8a41b6bf2ed760aaab44b6/the-conformal-bootstrap-at-finite-temperature-figure-7.png)
![Figure 8 The t -channel sum over the asymptotic parts represented by the diagram on the left inverts to the s -channel process on the right. Accordingly, the inversion should produce poles for the [ OO ] m families. The diagram on the right can itself be deciphered by reading it from right to left; first the external φ operators form [ φφ ] n , which mixes with [ OO ] m via exchange of a φ , then the [ OO ] m receive expectation values proportional to b 1 .](/paper-figures/c485bbb9da0246c8bf8fef4365e3c40c/the-conformal-bootstrap-at-finite-temperature-figure-8.png)
![Figure 9 The t -channel diagram denotes a sum over the asymptotics δ ( O ) [ φφ ] n ( ¯ h ) × a ( O ′ ) [ φφ ] n ( ¯ h ). This inverts to poles for the [ OOO ′ ] m families in the s -channel. When O ′ = 1 we omit the line by convention and recover figure 8.](/paper-figures/dd029d8a7a564fa8982c1a8495a45b2d/the-conformal-bootstrap-at-finite-temperature-figure-9.png)
![Figure 10 Higher order terms δ m [ φφ ] log m ¯ z that sum up to shift the [ φφ ] poles in a (∆ , J ) are produced by sums over multi-twist families in the t -channel.](/paper-figures/02623c9f39644e6d9c1beee014aab456/the-conformal-bootstrap-at-finite-temperature-figure-10.png)
![Figure 11 Poles in a (∆ , J ) for other double-twist families [ OO ] in 〈 φφ 〉 shift by anomalous dimensions through sums over multi-twist families [ φφ O ′ O ′ ] in the t -channel.](/paper-figures/de7c2e2417fc4dcd9f50f43f3e87939b/the-conformal-bootstrap-at-finite-temperature-figure-11.png)


![Figure 13 The function g ∆ max ( β ) in the 3d Ising model, estimated using known operators only, and plotted for the values ∆ max = 1 , 2 , . . . , 10. The value of b T determined from Monte Carlo simulations is -0 . 459 (gray horizontal line, [58-60]).](/paper-figures/9fe370f3ad5e4e78b2c73b219812d009/the-conformal-bootstrap-at-finite-temperature-figure-13.png)
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“c 1 is determined by the thermal one-point function of the CFT stress energy tensor, 7 c 1 = - b T d . (1.12)”
From Casimir energy and modularity in higher-dimensional conformal field theories (2023) · cites this paper as [20]
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“Indeed, the thermal one-point function of stress tensor of a free real scalar (see for example [20]) takes the form (1.7) with b T = - 2ζ(d) dvol(S d-1 ) = - 1 d Λ d 2 , (4.8)”
From Casimir energy and modularity in higher-dimensional conformal field theories (2023) · cites this paper as [20]
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Citations
Cites
Anti de Sitter space and holography
Witten, E. (1998) · Advances in Theoretical and Mathematical Physics · doi:10.4310/atmp.1998.v2.n2.a2 · Cited by 13,070
Gauge theory correlators from non-critical string theory
Gubser, S. S., Klebanov, I. R., & Polyakov, A. M. (1998) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/s0370-2693(98)00377-3 · Cited by 9,307
Gauge Theory Correlators from Non-Critical String Theory
Gubser, S. S., Klebanov, I. R., & Polyakov, A. M. (1998) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.hep-th/9802109 · Cited by 9,307
The Large-N Limit of Superconformal Field Theories and Supergravity
Maldacena, J. (1999) · International Journal of Theoretical Physics · doi:10.1023/a:1026654312961 · Cited by 6,704
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Cited by
Casimir energy and modularity in higher-dimensional conformal field theories
Luo, C., & Wang, Y. (2023) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep07(2023)028 · Cited by 27
Metadata
- Authors
- Iliesiu, L., Koloğlu, M., Mahajan, R., Perlmutter, E., & Simmons-Duffin, D.
- Venue
- Journal of High Energy Physics
- Published
- 2018-10
- Volume
- 2018
- Issue
- 10
- ISSN
- 1029-8479
- Cited by
- 133
- References
- 4
- Language
- en
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.