The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
How to screen for depression and emotional problems in patients with diabetes: comparison of screening characteristics of depression questionnaires, measurement of diabetes-specific emotional problems and standard clinical assessment
Open accessAbstract
Aims/hypothesis We compared the screening performance of different measures of depression: the standard clinical assessment (SCA); the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI); the Center of Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D); and the Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) questionnaire, which assesses diabetes-specific distress. We also studied the ability of these measures to detect diabetes-related distress.Materials and methods A total of 376 diabetic patients (37.2% type 1; 23.9% type 2 without insulin treatment, 38.8% type 2 with insulin) completed the BDI and CES-D; patients who screened positive participated in a diagnostic interview, the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Also, all patients completed the PAID questionnaire. Results of the SCA that related to depression diagnosis were reviewed to correct for false negative screening results.Results The prevalence of clinical depression was 14.1%, with an additional 18.9% of patients receiving a diagnosis of subclinical depression. Sensitivity for clinical depression in SCA (56%) was moderate, whereas BDI, CES-D and the PAID questionnaire showed satisfactory sensitivity (87, 79 and 81%, respectively). For subclinical depression, the sensitivity of the PAID questionnaire (79%) was sufficient, whereas that of SCA (25%) was poor. All methods showed low sensitivity for the detection of diabetes-specific emotional problems (SCA 19%, CIDI 34%, BDI 60%, CES-D 49%).Conclusions/interpretation The screening performance of SCA for clinical and subclinical depression was modest. Additional screening for depression using the PAID or another depression questionnaire seems reasonable. The ability of depression screening measures to identify diabetes-related distress is modest, suggesting that the PAID questionnaire could be useful when screening diabetic patients for both depression and emotional problems.
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“Measurement inconsistencies complicate the conceptualisation of depression in diabetes and call into question how depression, especially as measured by depressive symptom scales, differs from diabetes-specific distress [1, 2].”
From Differentiating symptoms of depression from diabetes-specific distress: relationships with self-care in type 2 diabetes (2008) · cites this paper as [2]
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Cites
Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes
Power, D. V. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.29.02.06.dc05-1593 · Cited by 8,676
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American Diabetes Association (2014) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc14-s014 · Cited by 4,572
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“The negative effect of depression in diabetes is not only established for more severe clinical cases of depression, but can also be demonstrated in patients with mild depressive symptoms or subclinical depression [1, 2, 4].”
BackgroundAssessment of Diabetes-Related Distress
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Ciechanowski, P. S., Katon, W. J., & Russo, J. E. (2000) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.160.21.3278 · Cited by 1,465
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2 of the 51 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Rubin RR (2000) Diabetes and quality of life. Preface. Diabetes Spectrum 13:21–23
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Self-citationZeng, T., Zhang, K., Ding, W., & Li, W. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1808234
Ehrmann, D., Hermanns, N., SCHMITT, A. J., Klinker, L. Y., Bergis, D., & Kulzer, B. (2026) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-026-06869-1 · Cited by 1
Self-citationFreckmann, G., König, I. R., Grube, H. C. B., Vens, M., Witt, O., Kappelmeier, V., Pethahn, K. L., Sina, C., Moser, O., & Schröder, T. (2026) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-026-06880-6
Individuelle Therapieziele bei Patienten mit Diabetes und Depression
Kruse, J., & Kulzer, B. (2012) · Der Diabetologe · doi:10.1007/s11428-011-0817-6
Self-citationTengsl þekkingar, sjálfseflingar, streitu og tegundar sykursýki við langtímasykurgildið
Sigurðardóttir, Á. K., & Ólafsson, K. (2012) · Hirsla (Landspítali University Hospital)
Metadata
- Authors
- Hermanns, N., Kulzer, B., Krichbaum, M., Kubiak, T., & Haak, T.
- Affiliations
- German Diabetes Center Mergentheim (DE)
- Forschungsinstitut der Diabetes Akademie Mergentheim (DE)
- Universität Greifswald (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Hermanns, N.
- Venue
- Diabetologia
- Published
- 2006-01-24
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 469-477
- ISSN
- 0012-186X (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0428
- OpenAlex
- W1970667052
- Cited by
- 324
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 7.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Diabetologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- depression screening, diabetes mellitus, diabetes distress, Beck Depression Inventory, CES-D, subthreshold depression, sensitivity, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, emotional problems
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Depression, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Mass Screening, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Diabetes Complications
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