The DOI matches its Crossref record; 40 of the 40 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Association of Depression and Diabetes Complications: A Meta-Analysis
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine the strength and consistency of the relationship between depression and diabetes complications in studies of type 1 and type 2 adult patients with diabetes. METHOD: MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases were searched for articles examining depression and diabetes complications in type 1 and type 2 diabetes samples published between 1975 and 1999. Meta-analytic procedures were used. Studies were reviewed for diabetes type, sample size, statistical tests, and measures of diabetes complications and depression. Significance values, weighted effect sizes r, 95% confidence intervals (CI), and tests of homogeneity of variance were calculated for the overall sample (k = 27) and for subsets of interest. RESULTS: A total of 27 studies (total combined N = 5374) met the inclusion criteria. A significant association was found between depression and complications of diabetes (p < .00001, z = 5.94). A moderate and significant weighted effect size (r = 0.25; 95% CI: 0.22-0.28) was calculated for all studies reporting sufficient data (k = 22). Depression was significantly associated with a variety of diabetes complications (diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, macrovascular complications, and sexual dysfunction). Effect sizes were in the small to moderate range (r = 0.17 to 0.32). CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate a significant and consistent association of diabetes complications and depressive symptoms. Prospective, longitudinal studies are needed to identify the pathways that mediate this association.
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In 27 cross-sectional studies (n=5374), depression was associated with retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, sexual dysfunction and macrovascular complications, with a small to moderate effect size (r=0.17-0.32).
“27 cross-sectional studies ( n = 5374) | Depression | *Depression associated with retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, sexual dysfunction and macrovascular complications. Effect size small to moderate ( r = 0.17-0.32).”
From Type 2 diabetes mellitus and psychological stress — a modifiable risk factor (2017) · cites this paper as De Groot (2001) 140
Depressed patients with a chronic medical illness are usually sicker than their counterparts.
“Depressed patients with a chronic medical illness are usually sicker than their counterparts37–46 and have lower treatment adherence.37,47–51”
From Anxiety and Depression in COPD (2008) · cites this paper as [42]
Depression is associated with risk for diabetes complications.
“risk for diabetes complications (3)”
From Depression in diabetes: have we been missing something important? (2011) · cites this paper as [3]
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Ecological Approaches to Self-Management: The Case of Diabetes
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“The negative effect of depression in diabetes is not only established for more severe clinical cases of depression, but can also be demonstrated in patients with mild depressive symptoms or subclinical depression [1, 2, 4].”
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Sexual dysfunction in men and women with endocrine disorders
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Psychosocial factors in the development of coronary artery disease
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Potential of Chlorella as a Dietary Supplement to Promote Human Health
Bito, T., Okumura, E., Fujishima, M., & Watanabe, F. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12092524 · Cited by 336
“Elevated blood glucose levels, insulin resistance, and low insulin sensitivity are the main characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes [107], resulting in serious conditions, including arteriosclerosis, renal damage, and retinopathy [108].”
BackgroundThe Comorbidity of Diabetes Mellitus and Depression
Katon, W. J. (2008) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.09.008 · Cited by 323
Depression in diabetes: have we been missing something important?
Gonzalez, J. S., Fisher, L., & Polonsky, W. H. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-1970 · Cited by 302
“An extensive literature has developed to suggest that depression is more common in patients with diabetes than in the general population (1) and is associated with chronic hyperglycemia (2), risk for diabetes complications (3), and mortality (4).”
BackgroundLamers, S. M. A., Bolier, L., Westerhof, G. J., Smit, F., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2012) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-011-9379-8 · Cited by 306
“…is associated with increased osteoporosis (Michelson et al., 1996), coronary heart disease (Glassman & Shapiro, 1998), diabetes complications (De Groot et al., 2001), cancer incidence, progression (Spiegel & Giese-Davis, 2003) and cancer mortality (Satin et al., 2009), and anxiety may influence…”
BackgroundThe bidirectional relationship of depression and diabetes: A systematic review
Renn, B. N., Feliciano, L., & Segal, D. L. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.08.001 · Cited by 314
“Depression was associated with a greater number and severity of these complications (de Groot et al., 2001).”
BackgroundNouwen, A., Adriaanse, M. C., van Dam, K., Iversen, M. M., Viechtbauer, W., Peyrot, M., Caramlau, I., Kokoszka, A., Kanc, K., de Groot, M., et al. (2019) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.14054 · Cited by 301
Awata, S., Bech, P., YOSHIDA, S., HIRAI, M., Suzuki, S., Yamashita, M., Ohara, A., Hinokio, Y., Matsuoka, H., & Oka, Y. (2007) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2007.01619.x · Cited by 302
“Recent studies have indicated that depression has an adverse effect on glycemic control, thus increasing the risk of major diabetic complications, and thereby leading to further reductions in the quality of life among diabetic patients.(2,31) We have reported elsewhere that the presence or absence of major diabetic co…”
BackgroundStigma in People With Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes
Liu, N. F., Brown, A. S., Folias, A. E., Younge, M. F., Guzman, S., Close, K. L., & Wood, R. (2017) · Clinical Diabetes · doi:10.2337/cd16-0020 · Cited by 302
“These negative emotions can result in depression (19,20) and are correlated with an increased rate of complications such as retinopathy, macrovascular problems, and sexual dysfunction (21).”
BackgroundSartorius, N. (2018) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2018.20.1/nsartorius · Cited by 300
Arenas, D. J., Thomas, A., Wang, J., & DeLisser, H. M. (2019) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-019-05202-4 · Cited by 293
Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy and Depressive Symptoms
Vileikytė, L., Leventhal, H., Gonzalez, J. S., Peyrot, M. F., Rubin, R. R., Ulbrecht, J. S., Garrow, A. P., Waterman, C. G., Cavanagh, P. R., & Boulton, A. J. M. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.10.2378 · Cited by 286
Singh, M. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00925 · Cited by 337
“Obese individuals are at increased risk of developing depression (25, 26), and this risk is doubled in the presence of diabetes (Anderson et al., 2001; De Groot et al., 2001; Labad et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe role of the innate immune system in psychiatric disorders
Jones, K. A., & Thomsen, C. (2013) · Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2012.10.002 · Cited by 274
“Common comorbidities with depression include diseases with clear involvement of the immune system including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes (de Groot et al., 2001) and rheumatoid arthritis.”
Clinical depression and regulation of the inflammatory response during acute stress
Miller, G. E., Rohleder, N., Stetler, C., & Kirschbaum, C. (2005) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000174172.82428.ce · Cited by 253
Prevalence of Depression in Individuals With Impaired Glucose Metabolism or Undiagnosed Diabetes
Nouwen, A., Nefs, G., Caramlau, I. O., Connock, M. J., Winkley, K., Lloyd, C. E., Peyrot, M. F., & Pouwer, F. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-1414 · Cited by 251
Bharucha, A. E., Kudva, Y. C., & Prichard, D. O. (2019) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2018-00161 · Cited by 252
Behavioral and Psychosocial Interventions in Diabetes
Peyrot, M., & Rubin, R. R. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc07-1222 · Cited by 247
“Nevertheless, the health consequences of emotional problems are clear-cut; they are associated with poorer self-care behavior, metabolic outcomes, morbidity, mortality, functional limitations, and quality of life (56-59), and the negative effects are not limited to diagnosable psychiatric disorders (60,61).”
BackgroundCommunication and Medication Refill Adherence
Ratanawongsa, N., Karter, A. J., Parker, M. M., Lyles, C. R., Heisler, M., Moffet, H. H., Adler, N. E., Warton, E. M., & Schillinger, D. (2012) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.1216 · Cited by 261
Assessing Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Treatment across Episodes of Mental Health Care
Cook, B. L., Zuvekas, S. H., Carson, N. J., Wayne, G. F., Vesper, A., & McGuire, T. G. (2013) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6773.12095 · Cited by 273
“…indicating need given the high rates of comorbidity between physical ailments and mental disorders (Alexopoulos et al. 1997; Afari et al. 2001; de Groot et al. 2001; Clarke and Meiris 2007) and include any limitation due to physical health, body mass index, and a list of 11 chronic health…”
Ismail, K., Maissi, E., Thomas, S., Chalder, T., Schmidt, U. H., Bartlett, J. W., Patel, A. K., Dickens, C. M., Creed, F. H., & Treasure, J. L. (2010) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta14220 · Cited by 247
Rubin, R. R., Ma, Y., Marrero, D. G., Peyrot, M., Barrett-Connor, E. L., Kahn, S. E., Haffner, S. M., Price, D. W., Knowler, W. C., & for the Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group (2008) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc07-1827 · Cited by 242
Diabetes complications and depression as predictors of health service costs
Simon, G. E., Katon, W. J., Lin, E. H. B., Ludman, E. J., VonKorff, M., Ciechanowski, P. S., & Young, B. A. (2005) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2005.04.008 · Cited by 243
Depression and Increased Mortality in Diabetes: Unexpected Causes of Death
Lin, E., Heckbert, S. R., Rutter, C. M., Katon, W. J., Ciechanowski, P. S., Ludman, E. J., Oliver, M. M., Young, B. A., McCulloch, D. K., & Korff, M. V. (2009) · The Annals of Family Medicine · doi:10.1370/afm.998 · Cited by 244
Mújica-Mota, R., Roberts, M. J., Abel, G., Elliott, M. N., Lyratzopoulos, G., Roland, M. O., & Campbell, J. (2014) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-014-0820-7 · Cited by 244
“control [47–49].”
Association between Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index and Diabetic Depression
Wang, J., Zhou, D., Dai, Z., & Li, X. (2021) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s285000 · Cited by 238
Egede, L. E., & Zheng, D. (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.1.104 · Cited by 235
“Depression in individuals with diabetes has been associated with poor adherence to dietary recommendation (4), hyperglycemia (5), poor metabolic control (6), complications of diabetes (7), decreased quality of life (8), and increased health care use and expenditure (3).”
BackgroundCrystal, S., Sambamoorthi, U., Walkup, J. T., & Akıncıgil, A. (2003) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51555.x · Cited by 233
Safren, S. A., Gonzalez, J. S., Wexler, D. J., Psaros, C., Delahanty, L. M., Blashill, A. J., Margolina, A. I., & Cagliero, E. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-0816 · Cited by 243
A Review of Treating Depression in Diabetes: Emerging Findings
Markowitz, S. M., Gonzalez, J. S., Wilkinson, J. L., & Safren, S. A. (2011) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/j.psym.2010.11.007 · Cited by 230
A Cohort Study of People With Diabetes and Their First Foot Ulcer
Ismail, K., Winkley, K., Stahl, D. R., Chalder, T., & EDMONDS, M. E. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-2313 · Cited by 225
“In cross-sectional studies (13,14), depressive disorders and symptoms are associated with poor glycemic control and complications.”
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Gaete, J., & Bogousslavsky, J. (2008) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.8.1.75 · Cited by 425
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“[64] work were collected directly from the employer Medical disorders that lead to functional impairment rather than relying on self-reported data, which are are associated with high rates of depression.[65-67] prone to under-reporting.”
BackgroundAssociation Between Diabetes and Perinatal Depression Among Low-Income Mothers
Kozhimannil, K. B. (2009) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.201 · Cited by 222
Bogner (2007) · doi:10.2337/dc07-0974 · Cited by 209
“Both physiologic factors, such as increased inflammation (38,39) and poor glucose regulation (3,4), and behavioral processes, such as poor adherence (3), may link depression with increased mortality in patients with diabetes.”
BackgroundMental Disorders and Quality of Diabetes Care in the Veterans Health Administration
Desai, M. M., Rosenheck, R. A., Druss, B. G., & Perlin, J. B. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.9.1584 · Cited by 208
Type 1 Diabetes in Young Adulthood
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Disparities in mental health service use of racial and ethnic minority elderly adults
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Katon, W. J., Simon, G. E., Russo, J. E., Korff, M. V., Lin, E. H. B., Ludman, E. J., Ciechanowski, P. S., & Bush, T. M. (2004) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-200412000-00009 · Cited by 199
“In cross-sectional epidemiologic surveys of patients with diabetes, major depression has been shown to be associated with poor adherence to self-care regimens such as diet, exercise, and taking medications regularly,(2,3) higher HbA1c levels,(4) and an increased likelihood of complications.(5) A recent large longitudi…”
BackgroundEngum, A., Mykletun, A., Midthjell, K., Holen, A., & Dahl, A. A. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.8.1904 · Cited by 205
“Depression has been associated with hyperglycemia (2), diabetes-related complications (3), and perceived functional limitations of diabetes (4).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- de Groot, M., Anderson, R., Freedland, K. E., Clouse, R. E., & Lustman, P. J.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Venue
- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Published
- 2001-07
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 619-630
- ISSN
- 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2080312294
- Cited by
- 1,799
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 81 · 2018: 83 · 2017: 85 · 2016: 119 · 2015: 107 · 2014: 122 · 2013: 98 · 2012: 111
- FWCI
- 3.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01dk053060-05)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T32HL007456, 5 T32 HL07456-18)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK-36452, DK53060, R01DK036452)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- depression, diabetes complications, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, macrovascular complications, sexual dysfunction, depressive symptoms
- MeSH terms
- Depressive Disorder, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diabetic Angiopathies, Diabetic Nephropathies, Diabetic Neuropathies, Diabetic Retinopathy, Humans, Risk Factors, Sick Role, Comorbidity
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