The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Prevalence and healthcare costs of diabetic retinopathy: a population-based register study in Sweden
Open accessAbstract
Aims/hypothesis The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence and healthcare costs of diabetic retinopathy (DR).Methods This population-based study included all residents (n = 251,386) in the catchment area of the eye clinic of Linköping University Hospital, Sweden. Among patients with diabetes (n = 12,026), those with and without DR were identified through register data from both the Care Data Warehouse in Ostergötland, an administrative healthcare register, and the Swedish National Diabetes Register. Healthcare cost data were elicited by record linkage of these two registers to data for the year 2008 in the Cost Per Patient Database developed by Ostergötland County Council.Results The prevalence of any DR was 41.8% (95% CI 38.9-44.6) for patients with type 1 diabetes and 27.9% (27.1-28.7) for patients with type 2 diabetes. Sight-threatening DR was present in 12.1% (10.2-14.0) and 5.0% (4.6-5.4) of the type 1 and type 2 diabetes populations respectively. The annual average healthcare cost of any DR was euro72 (euro53-91). Stratified into background retinopathy, proliferative DR, maculopathy, and the last two conditions combined, the costs were euro26 (euro10-42), euro257 (euro155-359), euro216 (euro113-318) and euro433 (euro232-635) respectively. The annual cost for DR was euro106,000 per 100,000 inhabitants.Conclusions This study presents new information on the prevalence and costs of DR. Approximately one-third of patients with diabetes have some form of DR. Average healthcare costs increase considerably with the severity of DR, which suggests that preventing progression of DR may lower healthcare costs.
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“Of note, eight studies [47–53, 59] did not distinguish between costs of different conditions, further hindering the interpretation.”
From The economic impact of retinal diseases for which gene therapy is emerging: a systematic literature review (2025) · cites this paper as [52]
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“Costs associated with DMO were described in six studies for Spain (n = 2) [55, 57], Hungary [54], Italy [56], Sweden [52] and the UK [58].”
From The economic impact of retinal diseases for which gene therapy is emerging: a systematic literature review (2025) · cites this paper as [52]
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“Annual direct medical costs ranged from $45 to $613 in NPDR patients and from $441 to $3,031 in PDR patients (Fig. 5 and Supplementary Table 6), suggesting direct medical costs associated with PDR were about 5.8 times higher than those associated with NPDR.”
From The economic impact of retinal diseases for which gene therapy is emerging: a systematic literature review (2025) · cites this paper as [52]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Annual direct medical costs ranged from $45 to $613 in NPDR patients and from $441 to $3,031 in PDR patients (Fig. 5 and Supplementary Table 6), suggesting direct medical costs associated with PDR were about 5.8 times higher than those associated with NPDR.”
From The economic impact of retinal diseases for which gene therapy is emerging: a systematic literature review (2025) · cites this paper as [52]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Among the four studies reporting direct medical costs at the patient level, estimates ranged from $370 to $14,642 per annum [52, 54, 55, 57] (Fig. 6 and Supplementary Table 7).”
From The economic impact of retinal diseases for which gene therapy is emerging: a systematic literature review (2025) · cites this paper as [52]
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“Costs pertaining to DR and its complications (including DMO) were combined in three studies [50, 51, 53], whereas costs in patients affected by both DR and DMO simultaneously were reported in two studies [52, 53] (Supplementary Tables 3 and 8).”
From The economic impact of retinal diseases for which gene therapy is emerging: a systematic literature review (2025) · cites this paper as [52]
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“As for studies examining costs in patients affected by both DR and DMO [52, 53], direct medical costs ranged from $742 to $2,955 per patient per annum.”
From The economic impact of retinal diseases for which gene therapy is emerging: a systematic literature review (2025) · cites this paper as [52]
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“Three studies, in Germany [53], Hungary [54] and Sweden [52], estimated costs associated with NPDR and PDR (Fig. 5 and Supplementary Table 6).”
From The economic impact of retinal diseases for which gene therapy is emerging: a systematic literature review (2025) · cites this paper as [52]
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“Nine articles [50–58] considered costs associated with DR and its associated complications (i.e. DMO).”
From The economic impact of retinal diseases for which gene therapy is emerging: a systematic literature review (2025) · cites this paper as [52]
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Cites
Global data on visual impairment in the year 2002.
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The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy
Klein, R. (1984) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archopht.1984.01040030405011 · Cited by 1,482
The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy
Klein, R., Klein, R., Moss, S. E., Davis, M. D., & DeMets, D. L. (1987) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(87)33525-0 · Cited by 1,247
The Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy Among Adults in the United States
Kempen, J. H., O'Colmain, B. J., Leske, M. C., Sm, H., Klein, R., Moss, S. E., Taylor, H. R., & Hamman, R. F. (2004) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archopht.122.4.552 · Cited by 1,168
The Economic Burden of Major Adult Visual Disorders in the United States
Rein, D. B. (2006) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archopht.124.12.1754 · Cited by 639
Epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy and macular oedema: A systematic review
Williams, R., Airey, M., Baxter, H., Forrester, J., Kennedy-Martin, T., & Girach, A. (2004) · Eye · doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6701476 · Cited by 472
United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study, 30
KOHNER, E. M. (1998) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archopht.116.3.297 · Cited by 471
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Diabetische Retinopathie bei Patienten mit Diabetes mellitus
Simó‐Servat, O., Hernández, C., & Simó, R. (2019) · Kompass Ophthalmologie · doi:10.1159/000503121
Zlatarova, Z. I., Hristova, E. G., Bliznakova, K. S., Yaneva, Z., Zaduryan, L., Stefanova, D., Pavlova, T., Koseva, D., & Dokova, K. G. (2021) · E-Health and Bioengineering Conference (EHB) · doi:10.1109/ehb52898.2021.9657634
Direct medical cost and medications for patient of diabetes retinopathy in Beijing, China, 2016–2018
Li, H., Zhang, L., Wang, W., Wang, W., Zhang, J., Pan, Q., & Guo, L. (2023) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110796
Szumigraj, W., & Kowalski, M. (2025) · Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering Imaging & Visualization · doi:10.1080/21681163.2025.2593926
Purola, P. K. M., Lahtela, J. T., Sääksjärvi, K., Koskinen, S., & Uusitalo, H. M. T. (2026) · Acta Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1111/aos.70198
Multiscale Interactome Analysis Prioritizes Candidate Herbs and Compounds for Diabetic Retinopathy
Ahn, Y.-S., Chae, J.-I., Han, S.-K., Lee, W.-Y., & 박치현 (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27209066
Metadata
- Authors
- Heintz, E., Wiréhn, A.-B., Peebo, B. B., Rosenqvist, U., & Levin, L.-Å.
- Affiliations
- Linköping University (SE)
- Ryhov Hospital Jönköping (SE)
- Lasarettet i Motala (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Heintz, E.
- Venue
- Diabetologia
- Published
- 2010-07-02
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2147-2154
- ISSN
- 0012-186X (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0428
- OpenAlex
- W1996708310
- Cited by
- 107
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 6.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Diabetologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- AstraZeneca
- Länsstyrelsen Östergötland
- Linköpings Universitet
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- diabetic retinopathy, prevalence, health care costs, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, diabetic maculopathy, background retinopathy, retinopathy severity, cost per patient, Östergötland
- MeSH terms
- Cross-Sectional Studies, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diabetic Retinopathy, Female, Humans, Male, Registries, Sweden, Prevalence, Health Care Costs
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