The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Prevalence and healthcare costs of diabetic retinopathy: a population-based register study in Sweden
Open accessAbstract
Aims/hypothesis The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence and healthcare costs of diabetic retinopathy (DR).Methods This population-based study included all residents (n = 251,386) in the catchment area of the eye clinic of Linköping University Hospital, Sweden. Among patients with diabetes (n = 12,026), those with and without DR were identified through register data from both the Care Data Warehouse in Ostergötland, an administrative healthcare register, and the Swedish National Diabetes Register. Healthcare cost data were elicited by record linkage of these two registers to data for the year 2008 in the Cost Per Patient Database developed by Ostergötland County Council.Results The prevalence of any DR was 41.8% (95% CI 38.9-44.6) for patients with type 1 diabetes and 27.9% (27.1-28.7) for patients with type 2 diabetes. Sight-threatening DR was present in 12.1% (10.2-14.0) and 5.0% (4.6-5.4) of the type 1 and type 2 diabetes populations respectively. The annual average healthcare cost of any DR was euro72 (euro53-91). Stratified into background retinopathy, proliferative DR, maculopathy, and the last two conditions combined, the costs were euro26 (euro10-42), euro257 (euro155-359), euro216 (euro113-318) and euro433 (euro232-635) respectively. The annual cost for DR was euro106,000 per 100,000 inhabitants.Conclusions This study presents new information on the prevalence and costs of DR. Approximately one-third of patients with diabetes have some form of DR. Average healthcare costs increase considerably with the severity of DR, which suggests that preventing progression of DR may lower healthcare costs.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“Of note, eight studies [47–53, 59] did not distinguish between costs of different conditions, further hindering the interpretation.”
From The economic impact of retinal diseases for which gene therapy is emerging: a systematic literature review (2025) · cites this paper as [52]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Costs associated with DMO were described in six studies for Spain (n = 2) [55, 57], Hungary [54], Italy [56], Sweden [52] and the UK [58].”
From The economic impact of retinal diseases for which gene therapy is emerging: a systematic literature review (2025) · cites this paper as [52]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Annual direct medical costs ranged from $45 to $613 in NPDR patients and from $441 to $3,031 in PDR patients (Fig. 5 and Supplementary Table 6), suggesting direct medical costs associated with PDR were about 5.8 times higher than those associated with NPDR.”
From The economic impact of retinal diseases for which gene therapy is emerging: a systematic literature review (2025) · cites this paper as [52]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Annual direct medical costs ranged from $45 to $613 in NPDR patients and from $441 to $3,031 in PDR patients (Fig. 5 and Supplementary Table 6), suggesting direct medical costs associated with PDR were about 5.8 times higher than those associated with NPDR.”
From The economic impact of retinal diseases for which gene therapy is emerging: a systematic literature review (2025) · cites this paper as [52]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Among the four studies reporting direct medical costs at the patient level, estimates ranged from $370 to $14,642 per annum [52, 54, 55, 57] (Fig. 6 and Supplementary Table 7).”
From The economic impact of retinal diseases for which gene therapy is emerging: a systematic literature review (2025) · cites this paper as [52]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Costs pertaining to DR and its complications (including DMO) were combined in three studies [50, 51, 53], whereas costs in patients affected by both DR and DMO simultaneously were reported in two studies [52, 53] (Supplementary Tables 3 and 8).”
From The economic impact of retinal diseases for which gene therapy is emerging: a systematic literature review (2025) · cites this paper as [52]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“As for studies examining costs in patients affected by both DR and DMO [52, 53], direct medical costs ranged from $742 to $2,955 per patient per annum.”
From The economic impact of retinal diseases for which gene therapy is emerging: a systematic literature review (2025) · cites this paper as [52]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Three studies, in Germany [53], Hungary [54] and Sweden [52], estimated costs associated with NPDR and PDR (Fig. 5 and Supplementary Table 6).”
From The economic impact of retinal diseases for which gene therapy is emerging: a systematic literature review (2025) · cites this paper as [52]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Nine articles [50–58] considered costs associated with DR and its associated complications (i.e. DMO).”
From The economic impact of retinal diseases for which gene therapy is emerging: a systematic literature review (2025) · cites this paper as [52]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Global data on visual impairment in the year 2002.
(2004) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 4,157
Amos, A., Mccarty, D. J., & Zimmet, P. (1997) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9136(199712)14:5+ · Cited by 2,247
The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy
Klein, R. (1984) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archopht.1984.01040030398010 · Cited by 1,909
The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy
Klein, R. (1984) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archopht.1984.01040030405011 · Cited by 1,482
The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy
Klein, R., Klein, R., Moss, S. E., Davis, M. D., & DeMets, D. L. (1987) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(87)33525-0 · Cited by 1,247
The Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy Among Adults in the United States
Kempen, J. H., O'Colmain, B. J., Leske, M. C., Sm, H., Klein, R., Moss, S. E., Taylor, H. R., & Hamman, R. F. (2004) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archopht.122.4.552 · Cited by 1,168
The Economic Burden of Major Adult Visual Disorders in the United States
Rein, D. B. (2006) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archopht.124.12.1754 · Cited by 639
Epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy and macular oedema: A systematic review
Williams, R., Airey, M., Baxter, H., Forrester, J., Kennedy-Martin, T., & Girach, A. (2004) · Eye · doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6701476 · Cited by 472
United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study, 30
KOHNER, E. M. (1998) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archopht.116.3.297 · Cited by 471
The National Diabetes Register in Sweden
Guðbjörnsdóttir, S., Cederholm, J., Nilsson, P. M., & Eliasson, B. (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.4.1270 · Cited by 264
Zhang, L., Krzentowski, G., Albert, A., & Lefèbvre, P. J. (2001) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.24.7.1275 · Cited by 258
Nordwall, M., Bojestig, M., Arnqvist, H. J., & Ludvigsson, J. (2004) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-004-1431-6 · Cited by 216
The Incidence of Retinopathy 10 Years After Diagnosis in Young Adult People With Diabetes
Henricsson, M., Nyström, L., Blohmé, G., Östman, J., Kullberg, C. E., Svensson, M. K. E., Schölin, A., Arnqvist, H. J., Björk, E., Bolinder, J., et al. (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.2.349 · Cited by 191
Estimating disease prevalence using a population-based administrative healthcare database
Wiréhn, A.-B., Karlsson, H. M., & Carstensen, J. M. (2007) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1080/14034940701195230 · Cited by 126
Self-citationCost of managing complications resulting from type 2 diabetes mellitus in Canada
O’Brien, J. A., Patrick, A. R., & Caro, J. J. (2003) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/1472-6963-3-7 · Cited by 120
Candrilli, S. D., Davis, K. L., Kan, H. J., Lucero, M. A., & Rousculp, M. D. (2007) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2006.08.002 · Cited by 116
Malone, J. I., Morrison, A. D., PAVAN, P. R., & Cuthbertson, D. D. (2001) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.24.3.522 · Cited by 88
Microvascular disease: what does the UKPDS tell us about diabetic retinopathy?
KOHNER, E. M. (2008) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02505.x · Cited by 77
Henricsson, M., Nilsson, A., Groop, L., Heijl, A., & Janzon, L. (1996) · Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0420.1996.tb00727.x · Cited by 73
The influence of diabetic retinopathy on quality of life
Woodcock, A. J., Bradley, C., Plowright, R., ffytche, T. J., Kennedy‐Martin, T., & Hirsch, A. (2004) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2003.10.007 · Cited by 72
The economic burden of diabetic retinopathy in Germany in 2002
Happich, M., Reitberger, U., Breitscheidel, L., Ulbig, M., & Watkins, J. (2007) · Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/s00417-007-0573-x · Cited by 63
Societal Cost of Skin Cancer in Sweden in 2005
Tinghög, G., Carlsson, P., Synnerstad, I., & Rosdahl, I. K. (2008) · Acta Dermato Venereologica · doi:10.2340/00015555-0523 · Cited by 58
Diabetes and it’s complications in a Swedish county
Lundman, B. M., & Engström, L. (1998) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/s0168-8227(97)00128-9 · Cited by 54
Kullberg, C. E., Abrahamsson, M., Arnqvist, H. J., FINNSTRÖM, K. F. O., & Ludvigsson, J. (2002) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1464-5491.2002.00839.x · Cited by 47
Associations with Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes: a Population‐based Study in a Swedish Rural Area
Falkenberg, M. G. K., & FINNSTRÖM, K. F. O. (1994) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.1994.tb00366.x · Cited by 28
Ophthalmic health care in diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study in northern Sweden
Reuterving, C.-O., Kratholm, J., & Wachtmeister, L. (1999) · Ophthalmic Epidemiology · doi:10.1076/opep.6.4.267.4183 · Cited by 12
A Data-Rich World : Population‐based registers in healthcare research
Wiréhn, A.-B. (2007) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 9
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The progress in understanding and treatment of diabetic retinopathy
Stitt, A. W., Curtis, T. M., Chen, M., Medina, R. J., McKay, G. J., Jenkins, A. J., Gardiner, T. A., Lyons, T. J., Hammes, H., Simó, R., et al. (2015) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.08.001 · Cited by 1,202
Ting, D. S. W., Cheung, G. C. M., & Wong, T. Y. (2016) · Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1111/ceo.12696 · Cited by 1,066
The worldwide epidemic of diabetic retinopathy
Congdon, N. G., Zheng, Y., & He, M. (2012) · Indian Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.4103/0301-4738.100542 · Cited by 633
Neurodegeneration in diabetic retinopathy: does it really matter?
Simó, R., Stitt, A. W., & Gardner, T. W. (2018) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-018-4692-1 · Cited by 617
Neurodegeneration in the diabetic eye: new insights and therapeutic perspectives
Simó, R., & Hernández, C. (2013) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2013.09.005 · Cited by 506
Metadata
- Authors
- Heintz, E., Wiréhn, A.-B., Peebo, B. B., Rosenqvist, U., & Levin, L.-Å.
- Affiliations
- Linköping University (SE)
- Ryhov Hospital Jönköping (SE)
- Lasarettet i Motala (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Heintz, E.
- Venue
- Diabetologia
- Published
- 2010-07-02
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2147-2154
- ISSN
- 0012-186X (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0428
- OpenAlex
- W1996708310
- Cited by
- 107
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 6.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Diabetologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- AstraZeneca
- Länsstyrelsen Östergötland
- Linköpings Universitet
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- diabetic retinopathy, prevalence, health care costs, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, diabetic maculopathy, background retinopathy, retinopathy severity, cost per patient, Östergötland
- MeSH terms
- Cross-Sectional Studies, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diabetic Retinopathy, Female, Humans, Male, Registries, Sweden, Prevalence, Health Care Costs
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
