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Cited by 1,066Retinal Diseases and TreatmentsRetinal Imaging and AnalysisDiabetes Management and Research

Diabetic retinopathy: global prevalence, major risk factors, screening practices and public health challenges: a review

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Ting, Daniel Shu Wei, Cheung, Gemmy Chui Ming, Wong, Tien Yin·2016·Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology
DOI 10.1111/ceo.12696
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Abstract

Diabetes retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision loss in middle‐aged and elderly people globally. Early detection and prompt treatment allow prevention of diabetes‐related visual impairment. Patients with diabetes require regular follow‐up with primary care physicians to optimize their glycaemic, blood pressure and lipid control to prevent development and progression of DR and other diabetes‐related complications. Other risk factors of DR include higher body mass index, puberty and pregnancy, and cataract surgery. There are weaker associations with some genetic and inflammatory markers. With the rising incidence and prevalence of diabetes and DR, public health systems in both developing and developed countries will be faced with increasing costs of implementation and maintenance of a DR screening program for people with diabetes. To reduce the impact of DR‐related visual loss, it is important that all stakeholders continue to look for innovative ways of managing and preventing diabetes, and optimize cost‐effective screening programs within the community.

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  • UK and Australia recommendations suggested a minimum sensitivity of either 80% or 60%, and a specificity of at least 95%.

    “In the UK and Australia, previous recommendations suggested a minimum sensitivity of either 80% or 60%, and a specificity of at least 95%25–30.”

    From Economic evaluation for medical artificial intelligence: accuracy vs. cost-effectiveness in a diabetic retinopathy screening case (2024) · cites this paper as [28]

    The Retinal Photography section (page not available in our copy) reports that UK NICE guidelines required at least 80% sensitivity and 95% specificity for diabetic-retinopathy screening tests. It does not report an Australian recommendation of 60% sensitivity, so that part of the claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common microvascular complication of diabetes and a preventable cause of vision loss when sight-threatening disease is detected and treated early.

    “Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common microvascular complication of diabetes and a preventable cause of vision loss when sight-threatening disease is detected and treated early (1).”

    From From validation to public health impact: implementing equitable AI-enabled diabetic retinopathy screening (2026) · cites this paper as [1]

  • The 2016 review by Ting, Cheung, and Wong framed diabetic retinopathy as a public health problem shaped by inadequate screening coverage, shortages of trained eye-care personnel, cost, uneven access, and limited service capacity in low-resource settings.

    “The 2016 review by Ting, Cheung, and Wong framed DR as a public health problem shaped by inadequate screening coverage, shortages of trained eye-care personnel, cost, uneven access, and limited service capacity in low-resource settings (1).”

    From From validation to public health impact: implementing equitable AI-enabled diabetic retinopathy screening (2026) · cites this paper as [1]

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Ting, D. S. W., Cheung, G. C. M., & Wong, T. Y.
Affiliations
  • SingHealth (SG)
  • Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore Health Service (SingHealth) Singapore Singapore
Corresponding author
Wong, Tien Yin
ORCID
Venue
Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2016-02-17
Volume
44
Issue
4
Pages
260-277
ISSN
  • 1442-6404 (ISSN-L)
  • 1442-9071
DOI
10.1111/ceo.12696
OpenAlex
W2234307896
Cited by
1,066
References
10
Citations by year
2026: 79 · 2025: 134 · 2024: 154 · 2023: 140 · 2022: 136 · 2021: 126 · 2020: 123 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 13
FWCI
6.12
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Keywords
diabetic retinopathy, prevalence, risk factors, diabetes screening, visual impairment, glycemic control, body mass index, pregnancy, cataract surgery, genetic markers, inflammatory markers, public health costs, diabetes prevention
MeSH terms
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diabetic Retinopathy, Humans, Mass Screening, Public Health, Risk Factors, Global Health, Incidence, Prevalence

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