The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 22 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men
Open accessAbstract
Aims/hypothesisSleep loss is associated with insulin resistance and an increased risk for type 2 diabetes, yet underlying mechanisms are not understood. Elevation of circulating non-esterified (i.e. free) fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations can lead to insulin resistance and plays a central role in the development of metabolic diseases. Circulating NEFA in healthy individuals shows a marked diurnal variation with maximum levels occurring at night, yet the impact of sleep loss on NEFA levels across the 24 h cycle remains unknown. We hypothesised that sleep restriction would alter hormones that are known to stimulate lipolysis and lead to an increase in NEFA levels.MethodsWe studied 19 healthy young men under controlled laboratory conditions with four consecutive nights of 8.5 h in bed (normal sleep) and 4.5 h in bed (sleep restriction) in randomised order. The 24 h blood profiles of NEFA, growth hormone (GH), noradrenaline (norepinephrine), cortisol, glucose and insulin were simultaneously assessed. Insulin sensitivity was estimated by a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test.ResultsSleep restriction relative to normal sleep resulted in increased NEFA levels during the nocturnal and early-morning hours. The elevation in NEFA was related to prolonged nocturnal GH secretion and higher early-morning noradrenaline levels. Insulin sensitivity was decreased after sleep restriction and the reduction in insulin sensitivity was correlated with the increase in nocturnal NEFA levels.Conclusions/interpretationSleep restriction in healthy men results in increased nocturnal and early-morning NEFA levels, which may partly contribute to insulin resistance and the elevated diabetes risk associated with sleep loss.
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TL;DR
In 19 healthy young men, four nights of sleep restriction (4.5 h in bed) increased nocturnal and early-morning non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels and reduced insulin sensitivity compared with normal sleep (8.5 h in bed). The NEFA rise was linked to prolonged nocturnal growth hormone secretion and higher early-morning noradrenaline.
Key findings
- Sleep restriction increased mean NEFA levels by approximately 15–30% during nocturnal and early-morning hours and prolonged the duration of the nocturnal NEFA increase by approximately 50 min.
- Nocturnal GH secretion became biphasic in 14 of 19 participants and was prolonged by approximately 50 min; the increase in GH secretion duration correlated with prolonged NEFA rise (r = 0.81, p < 0.0001).
- Early-morning noradrenaline increased by approximately 30% and correlated with the early-morning NEFA increase (r = 0.55, p = 0.015); evening/early-night cortisol was 23% higher but did not correlate with NEFA changes.
- Insulin sensitivity by IVGTT decreased by 23% after sleep restriction (p = 0.004), and the decrease correlated with increased mean nocturnal NEFA (r = 0.52, p = 0.05) and nocturnal NEFA AUC (r = −0.53, p = 0.05); disposition index was lower (p = 0.042).
Methods
- Randomised, controlled laboratory crossover study of 19 healthy young lean men aged 18–30 years, comparing four consecutive nights of 8.5 h in bed (normal sleep) versus 4.5 h in bed (sleep restriction), spaced at least 4 weeks apart.
- 24 h blood profiles were collected at 15–30 min intervals for NEFA, GH, noradrenaline, cortisol, glucose and insulin; diet and energy intake were identical across conditions, and insulin sensitivity was estimated by frequently sampled IVGTT.
- Analyses used mixed-model ANOVA with participants as random factor and sleep condition as fixed factor, Pearson correlations, and Benjamini–Hochberg correction for NEFA time-point comparisons; data reported as mean ± SEM.
Limitations
- The paper states that it cannot exclude altered circadian timing as a contributor, provides no information on long-term effects of sleep restriction or recovery sleep, and notes that correlations do not demonstrate direct causality.
- The paper notes the NEFA increase was modest (approximately 15–30%) and that future mechanistic studies, such as pharmacological NEFA suppression, are needed to test causality.
- Evident from the text: the sample was small (n = 19) and restricted to healthy young lean men, limiting generalisability; technical difficulties invalidated IVGTT estimates in six normal-sleep and two sleep-restriction sessions, with five of the six normal-sleep invalid tests repeated.
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In the paper
“The total amount of nocturnal GH secreted did not differ between sleep conditions (Table 2).”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Results
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In the paper
“cortisol levels were 23% higher in the evening hours as well as during the early night with extended wakefulness (Table 2).”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The alterations in cortisol secretory patterns did not correlate with any changes in NEFA (p > 0.05 for all variables).”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the early-morning increase in noradrenaline was positively correlated with the early-morning increase in NEFA levels (r = 0.55, p = 0.015).”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Insulin sensitivity estimated by the IVGTT was reduced by 23% during sleep restriction as compared with normal sleep (p = 0.004, Fig. 5a).”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, daytime NEFA levels were similar between sleep conditions”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Discussion
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In the paper
“The 24 h profile of NEFA displayed a marked circadian variation under both sleep conditions (Fig. 2a).”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Results
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedn = 19Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The acute insulin response to glucose did not differ between sleep conditions (p = 0.22).”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Results
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In the paper
“When sleep was restricted, the duration of the nocturnal NEFA increase was prolonged by approximately 50 min (Table 2).”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Results
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In the paper
“During normal sleep, a single nocturnal GH pulse was observed in all but four of the 19 participants (Fig. 2b).”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 19Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The normal post-awakening cortisol peak occurred approximately 2 h earlier when sleep was restricted (Fig. 2d)”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“Overnight (21:30–09:00 hours) mean fasting insulin levels were higher after sleep restriction as compared with normal sleep (51.0 ± 5.1 vs 46.7 ± 5.1 pmol/l; p = 0.036) despite similar glucose levels (5.08 ± 0.07 vs 5.05 ± 0.07 mmol/l; p = 0.410)”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Results
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In the paper
“When sleep was restricted, the AUC for glucose response to breakfast tended to be higher (p = 0.061) and the AUC for insulin response was significantly increased (p = 0.045)”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The decrease in insulin sensitivity was correlated with the increase in mean nocturnal NEFA levels (r = 0.52; p = 0.05; Fig. 5b) and the AUC for nocturnal NEFA levels (r = −0.53, p = 0.05).”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“In contrast, during sleep restriction 14 of the 19 participants showed a biphasic nocturnal GH release, resulting in GH secretion being prolonged by approximately 50 min.”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Acute elevation in circulating NEFA levels in healthy individuals has been linked to insulin resistance in multiple investigations [10–13].”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
“acute elevation in circulating NEFA concentrations has been shown to induce insulin resistance in healthy participants in multiple previous studies [10–13].”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Boden G, Lebed B, Schatz M, Homko C, Lemieux S (2001) Effects of acute changes of plasma free fatty acids on intramyocellular fat content and insulin resistance in healthy participants. Diabetes 50:1612–1617 source
- Not checked yetcites [11] Roden M, Price TB, Perseghin G et al (1996) Mechanism of free fatty acid-induced insulin resistance in humans. J Clin Invest 97:2859–2865 source
- Not checked yetcites [12] Chavez AO, Kamath S, Jani R et al (2010) Effect of short-term free fatty acids elevation on mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle of healthy individuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:422–429 source
- Not checked yetcites [13] Yoshino J, Almeda-Valdes P, Patterson BW et al (2014) Diurnal variation in insulin sensitivity of glucose metabolism is associated with diurnal variations in whole-body and cellular fatty acid metabolism in metabolically normal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99:E1666–E1670 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
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In the paper
“likely due to the stimulating effects of morning awakening.”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Discussion
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In the paper
“Sleep was recorded by polysomnography (Nihon Kohden, Irvine, CA, USA) during each night in each sleep condition.”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Methods > Experimental protocol
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In the paper
“Diet was strictly controlled (2 day cycle menu of three isoenergetic meals per day) and energy intake was identical under both sleep conditions.”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Methods > Experimental protocol
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In the paper
“For each 24 h profile, all samples obtained from the same individual were measured in the same assay.”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Methods > Hormonal measurements
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In the paper
“On average, participants slept for 7.8 ± 0.1 h during normal sleep vs 4.3 ± 0.0 h during sleep restriction (Table 1).”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Results
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“after controlling for multiple comparisons with a Benjamini and Hochberg procedure”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Methods > Statistical analyses
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In the paper
“In six IVGTTs during the normal sleep condition and two IVGTTs during the sleep restriction condition, technical difficulties invalidated the estimation of insulin sensitivity and secretion. Five of the six invalid IVGTTs during the normal sleep condition were repeated on a separate day”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Methods > Experimental protocol
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In the paper
“Compliance with this schedule was verified by sleep diaries and continuous wrist activity monitoring (Actiwatch; Philips-Respironics, Bend, OR, USA).”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Methods > Experimental protocol
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In the paper
“Participants were studied at the University of Chicago Clinical Resource Center under two experimental conditions in randomised order spaced at least 4 weeks apart”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Methods > Experimental protocol
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In the paper
“Average body mass index (23.4 ± 0.4 vs 23.3 ± 0.4 kg/m2; p = 0.12) and percentage body fat (19.3 ± 1.1% vs 19.2 ± 1.0%; p = 0.86) did not differ between sleep conditions.”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 19Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Growth hormone, noradrenaline and cortisol increase the rate of lipolysis and thereby raise circulating NEFA concentrations.
“In addition, these hormones are known to increase the rate of lipolysis, resulting in elevated circulating NEFA concentrations.”
The paper relies on this without support.
This study is the first to examine how sleep loss affects 24-hour NEFA profiles.
“To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the impact of sleep loss on 24 h NEFA profiles.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“When appraised collectively, these studies show that sleep restriction increases afternoon cortisol: Table 2.”
From Sleep, testosterone and cortisol balance, and ageing men (2022) · cites this paper as [78]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Opposite correlation signs for mean nocturnal NEFA and its AUC
MinorThe paper reports a positive correlation between the insulin-sensitivity decrease and mean nocturnal NEFA, but a negative correlation with nocturnal NEFA AUC. For the same nocturnal interval, the mean and AUC represent the same concentration profile and should not give opposite directions for this relationship.
“The decrease in insulin sensitivity was correlated with the increase in mean nocturnal NEFA levels (r = 0.52; p = 0.05; Fig. 5b)”
“and the AUC for nocturnal NEFA levels (r = −0.53, p = 0.05).”
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Hector, A., Leduc, T., Caiado, M. J. D. C., Delignat‐Lavaud, B., Dufort‐Gervais, J., Daneault, C., Rosiers, C. D., Bourguignon, C., Lina, J., Fernandes, K. J. L., et al. (2026) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2026.110835 · Cited by 5
Rebuttal from Saurabh S. Thosar, Nicole P. Bowles and Andrew W. McHill
Thosar, S. S., Bowles, N. P., & McHill, A. W. (2022) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp282835 · Cited by 1
“…separate mechanisms; (3) postulate circadian misalignment as the mechanism for metabolic dysfunction in shift workers; and (4) investigate only the acute effects of sleep loss (examples: Åkerstedt, 2003; Broussard et al. 2015; Anothaisintawee et al. 2016; Brouwer et al. 2020; Peñalvo et al. 2021).”
BackgroundResultLifestyle Interventions to Manage Insulin Resistance
Babalola, O. O., Ottu, P. O., Akinnusi, E., Aturamu, P. O., & Iwaloye, O. (2024) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1005259 · Cited by 1
Nagai, M., Kubo, M., Ando, R., Ikeda, M., Iwamoto, H., Takeda, Y., & Nomoto, M. (2020) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/1028415x.2020.1760532 · Cited by 1
“24 mM in the early morning [28] and ∼0.”
BackgroundContinuous glucose monitoring in sleep and circadian research
Seward, S. L., Blankenship, J. M., & Broussard, J. L. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822963-7.00274-7 · Cited by 1
Self-citationSleep, exercise, and insulin sensitivity
Porter, J. W. (2020) · MOspace Institutional Repository (University of Missouri) · doi:10.32469/10355/78088 · Cited by 1
Zhai, M., Song, W., Liu, Z., Cai, W., & Lin, G. N. (2024) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202402.1597.v1 · Cited by 1
1 Gezondheid, gezondheidsindicatoren en volksgezondheid
Sassen, B. (2016) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-368-1287-0_1
Bakır, B. O. (2017) · Advances in Obesity Weight Management & Control · doi:10.15406/aowmc.2017.06.00146
“Such change in nightly growth hormone secretion has been related with increased free fatty acid amount during sleep restriction [65].”
BackgroundInfluentialDurata, qualità del sonno e obesità
Mancini, C., Poggiogalle, E., & Lombardo, C. (2018) · L Endocrinologo · doi:10.1007/s40619-018-0408-5
A Neurological Perspective upon Diabetes and Obesity, What They Are, and How They Can Be Measured
Ewing, G. W. (2018) · Case Reports in Clinical Medicine · doi:10.4236/crcm.2018.74025
“Factors Influencing Genotype & Phenotype: a) The collective function of different genes/gene morphology b) Genetic expression of Proteins c) Rate of protein expression d) Proteins convert to their active or inactive forms/protein morphology e) Proteins react with their reactive substrates f) Level of protein reactivit…”
BackgroundSleep, dietary patterns and metabolic health in UK adults
Potter, G. D. (2018) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)
Der Effekt von Wachstumshormon auf die menschlichen Alterungsprozesse. Teil 2
Klentze, M. (2018) · Journal für Gynäkologische Endokrinologie/Österreich · doi:10.1007/s41974-018-0059-3
Fatty acid composition in four serum lipid fractions and the pathogenesis of diabetes
Johnston, L. (2017) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Rebuttal from Hannah K. Ritchie and Josiane L. Broussard
Ritchie, H. K., & Broussard, J. L. (2022) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp282836
“2016) and impairs insulin sensitivity (Broussard et al. 2015), even when timing, duration, composition and quantity of energy intake are all unchanged relative to habitual sleep.”
BackgroundSelf-citationDer Effekt von Wachstumshormon auf die menschlichen Alterungsprozesse. Teil 2
Klentze, M. (2018) · Journal für Gynäkologische Endokrinologie/Schweiz · doi:10.1007/s41975-018-0064-y
Gezondheid, gezondheidsindicatoren en volksgezondheid
Sassen, B. (2019) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-368-2320-3_1
Non-esterified fatty acids: Another piece in the puzzle of PAD risk stratification?
Zierfuss, B., Stangl, H., & Schernthaner, G.-H. (2023) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.03.001
Xia, Y., Chen, A., Lu, D., Jin, J., Yin, M., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Lü, Y., Ma, J., Deng, L., et al. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14827
A metabolically healthy lifestyle
Andriessen, C. (2023) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20230706ca
刘, 晓. (2024) · Advances in Clinical Medicine · doi:10.12677/acm.2024.142531
Broussard, J. L., Hanlon, E. C., & Tasali, E. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780197756782.003.0015
Self-citationEffect of sleep restriction, with or without prior evening exercise, on morning postprandial lipemia
Maloney, A. C., McDonald, M. J., Petroski, G. F., & Kanaley, J. A. (2025) · Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2024-0535
Ahiawodzi, P. D., Tracy, R. P., Kizer, J. R., Redline, S. S., Djoussé, L., & Mukamal, K. J. (2025) · SLEEP Advances · doi:10.1093/sleepadvances/zpaf042
“Broussard et al. [39] examined the impact of sleep loss on 24-h NEFA profiles among 19 healthy men between 18 and 30 years of age.”
Could not getting enough sleep increase your risk of type 2 diabetes?
Murfet, G. O., & Lin, S. (2024) · doi:10.64628/aa.ukvdu4qvd
Duda‐Sobczak, A., Kulecki, M., Piłaciński, S., Naskręt, D., & Zozulińska‐Ziółkiewicz, D. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1745272 · Cited by 1
“The elevation in NEFA was related to prolonged nocturnal growth hormone secretion and higher early-morning noradrenaline levels and correlated with reduced insulin sensitivity after sleep restriction (44).”
Bahgat, N. M., Rahman, S. M. M. A. E., ElSayed, M. H., et al. (2026) · Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology · doi:10.1134/s0022093025600629
Postprandial Hyperlipidemia as a Risk Factor for Developing Cardiovascular Disease
Takahashi, N. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-7068-3_42
Dai, M., Kuang, X., Wang, Y., & Tai, W. (2026) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s584233 · Cited by 1
“33 Nedeltcheva et al reported similar findings: after sleep restriction to 5.5 hours (00:30–06:00), with blood sampled every 15–30 minutes, cortisol levels were elevated between 20:00 and 22:00, with no significant changes at other times.”
Influential牟忠卿, Zhou, Y., & Dong, Z. (2026) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2026.05.001
del Val‐Manzano, M., Montalvo‐Alonso, J. J., Encabo, P. G., Valadés, D., Ferragut, C., & Pérez‐López, A. (2026) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.70314
“Previous experimental evidence indicates that sleep loss disrupts glucose metabolism and increases insulin resistance, thereby limiting cellular glucose uptake [7–9].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Broussard, J. L., Chapotot, F., Abraham, V., Day, A., Delebecque, F., Whitmore, H. R., & Tasali, E.
- Affiliations
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (US)
- University of Chicago (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Broussard, Josiane L.
- Venue
- Diabetologia
- Published
- 2015-02-22
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 791-798
- ISSN
- 0012-186X (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0428
- PMC
- PMC4358810
- OpenAlex
- W2009304756
- Semantic Scholar
- 68b543b0674afaf084769a174abe95ec8d63f249
- Cited by
- 156
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 9
- FWCI
- 27.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Diabetologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Defense (W81XWH)
- University of Chicago (UL1 TR000430)
- Georgia Clinical and Translational Science Alliance (UL1 TR000430)
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000430, W81XWH, P60 DK20595, TR000430)
- National Institute on Aging (P01-AG11412., P01AG011412)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL086459, R01HL075079, T32HL007909)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P60DK20595, P60DK020595, P30DK020595)
- National Center for Research Resources (P41RR013642)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (CTSA-UL1 TR000430)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P50HD057796)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- sleep restriction, free fatty acids, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes risk, growth hormone, norepinephrine, cortisol, lipolysis, insulin sensitivity, circadian rhythm
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Blood Glucose, Circadian Rhythm, Fatty Acids, Nonesterified, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Male, Norepinephrine, Random Allocation, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation, Time Factors, Biomarkers, Up-Regulation, Human Growth Hormone, Young Adult, Healthy Volunteers
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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