The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 22 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men
Open accessAbstract
Aims/hypothesisSleep loss is associated with insulin resistance and an increased risk for type 2 diabetes, yet underlying mechanisms are not understood. Elevation of circulating non-esterified (i.e. free) fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations can lead to insulin resistance and plays a central role in the development of metabolic diseases. Circulating NEFA in healthy individuals shows a marked diurnal variation with maximum levels occurring at night, yet the impact of sleep loss on NEFA levels across the 24 h cycle remains unknown. We hypothesised that sleep restriction would alter hormones that are known to stimulate lipolysis and lead to an increase in NEFA levels.MethodsWe studied 19 healthy young men under controlled laboratory conditions with four consecutive nights of 8.5 h in bed (normal sleep) and 4.5 h in bed (sleep restriction) in randomised order. The 24 h blood profiles of NEFA, growth hormone (GH), noradrenaline (norepinephrine), cortisol, glucose and insulin were simultaneously assessed. Insulin sensitivity was estimated by a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test.ResultsSleep restriction relative to normal sleep resulted in increased NEFA levels during the nocturnal and early-morning hours. The elevation in NEFA was related to prolonged nocturnal GH secretion and higher early-morning noradrenaline levels. Insulin sensitivity was decreased after sleep restriction and the reduction in insulin sensitivity was correlated with the increase in nocturnal NEFA levels.Conclusions/interpretationSleep restriction in healthy men results in increased nocturnal and early-morning NEFA levels, which may partly contribute to insulin resistance and the elevated diabetes risk associated with sleep loss.
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TL;DR
In 19 healthy young men, four nights of sleep restriction (4.5 h in bed) increased nocturnal and early-morning non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels and reduced insulin sensitivity compared with normal sleep (8.5 h in bed). The NEFA rise was linked to prolonged nocturnal growth hormone secretion and higher early-morning noradrenaline.
Key findings
- Sleep restriction increased mean NEFA levels by approximately 15–30% during nocturnal and early-morning hours and prolonged the duration of the nocturnal NEFA increase by approximately 50 min.
- Nocturnal GH secretion became biphasic in 14 of 19 participants and was prolonged by approximately 50 min; the increase in GH secretion duration correlated with prolonged NEFA rise (r = 0.81, p < 0.0001).
- Early-morning noradrenaline increased by approximately 30% and correlated with the early-morning NEFA increase (r = 0.55, p = 0.015); evening/early-night cortisol was 23% higher but did not correlate with NEFA changes.
- Insulin sensitivity by IVGTT decreased by 23% after sleep restriction (p = 0.004), and the decrease correlated with increased mean nocturnal NEFA (r = 0.52, p = 0.05) and nocturnal NEFA AUC (r = −0.53, p = 0.05); disposition index was lower (p = 0.042).
Methods
- Randomised, controlled laboratory crossover study of 19 healthy young lean men aged 18–30 years, comparing four consecutive nights of 8.5 h in bed (normal sleep) versus 4.5 h in bed (sleep restriction), spaced at least 4 weeks apart.
- 24 h blood profiles were collected at 15–30 min intervals for NEFA, GH, noradrenaline, cortisol, glucose and insulin; diet and energy intake were identical across conditions, and insulin sensitivity was estimated by frequently sampled IVGTT.
- Analyses used mixed-model ANOVA with participants as random factor and sleep condition as fixed factor, Pearson correlations, and Benjamini–Hochberg correction for NEFA time-point comparisons; data reported as mean ± SEM.
Limitations
- The paper states that it cannot exclude altered circadian timing as a contributor, provides no information on long-term effects of sleep restriction or recovery sleep, and notes that correlations do not demonstrate direct causality.
- The paper notes the NEFA increase was modest (approximately 15–30%) and that future mechanistic studies, such as pharmacological NEFA suppression, are needed to test causality.
- Evident from the text: the sample was small (n = 19) and restricted to healthy young lean men, limiting generalisability; technical difficulties invalidated IVGTT estimates in six normal-sleep and two sleep-restriction sessions, with five of the six normal-sleep invalid tests repeated.
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Claims the paper makes
23 Own result · 12 Own interpretation · 10 Not checked yet · 9 Own method · 1 Supported · 1 No basis given
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Substantial evidence from population studies suggests that individuals who regularly curtail their sleep are at an increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes [1].”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [1] Cappuccio FP, D’Elia L, Strazzullo P, Miller MA (2010) Quantity and quality of sleep and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 33:414–420 source
The Results section ('Short duration of sleep') reports that short sleep was associated with a greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes. The Conclusions section describes an increased risk among people reporting habitual sleep of fewer than 5–6 hours per night, based on studies in different populations. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The total amount of nocturnal GH secreted did not differ between sleep conditions (Table 2).”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“cortisol levels were 23% higher in the evening hours as well as during the early night with extended wakefulness (Table 2).”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The alterations in cortisol secretory patterns did not correlate with any changes in NEFA (p > 0.05 for all variables).”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the early-morning increase in noradrenaline was positively correlated with the early-morning increase in NEFA levels (r = 0.55, p = 0.015).”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Results
plaincorrelationaln = 19- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Insulin sensitivity estimated by the IVGTT was reduced by 23% during sleep restriction as compared with normal sleep (p = 0.004, Fig. 5a).”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Results
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, daytime NEFA levels were similar between sleep conditions”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 24 h profile of NEFA displayed a marked circadian variation under both sleep conditions (Fig. 2a).”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Results
boostedn = 19- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The acute insulin response to glucose did not differ between sleep conditions (p = 0.22).”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When sleep was restricted, the duration of the nocturnal NEFA increase was prolonged by approximately 50 min (Table 2).”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Results
plaindirectn = 19- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The normal post-awakening cortisol peak occurred approximately 2 h earlier when sleep was restricted (Fig. 2d)”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overnight (21:30–09:00 hours) mean fasting insulin levels were higher after sleep restriction as compared with normal sleep (51.0 ± 5.1 vs 46.7 ± 5.1 pmol/l; p = 0.036) despite similar glucose levels (5.08 ± 0.07 vs 5.05 ± 0.07 mmol/l; p = 0.410)”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When sleep was restricted, the AUC for glucose response to breakfast tended to be higher (p = 0.061) and the AUC for insulin response was significantly increased (p = 0.045)”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The decrease in insulin sensitivity was correlated with the increase in mean nocturnal NEFA levels (r = 0.52; p = 0.05; Fig. 5b) and the AUC for nocturnal NEFA levels (r = −0.53, p = 0.05).”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, during sleep restriction 14 of the 19 participants showed a biphasic nocturnal GH release, resulting in GH secretion being prolonged by approximately 50 min.”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Results
plaindirectn = 19- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Acute elevation in circulating NEFA levels in healthy individuals has been linked to insulin resistance in multiple investigations [10–13].”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
“acute elevation in circulating NEFA concentrations has been shown to induce insulin resistance in healthy participants in multiple previous studies [10–13].”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Boden G, Lebed B, Schatz M, Homko C, Lemieux S (2001) Effects of acute changes of plasma free fatty acids on intramyocellular fat content and insulin resistance in healthy participants. Diabetes 50:1612–1617 source
- Not checked yetcites [11] Roden M, Price TB, Perseghin G et al (1996) Mechanism of free fatty acid-induced insulin resistance in humans. J Clin Invest 97:2859–2865 source
- Not checked yetcites [12] Chavez AO, Kamath S, Jani R et al (2010) Effect of short-term free fatty acids elevation on mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle of healthy individuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:422–429 source
- Not checked yetcites [13] Yoshino J, Almeda-Valdes P, Patterson BW et al (2014) Diurnal variation in insulin sensitivity of glucose metabolism is associated with diurnal variations in whole-body and cellular fatty acid metabolism in metabolically normal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99:E1666–E1670 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“likely due to the stimulating effects of morning awakening.”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“Sleep was recorded by polysomnography (Nihon Kohden, Irvine, CA, USA) during each night in each sleep condition.”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Methods > Experimental protocol
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“Diet was strictly controlled (2 day cycle menu of three isoenergetic meals per day) and energy intake was identical under both sleep conditions.”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Methods > Experimental protocol
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“For each 24 h profile, all samples obtained from the same individual were measured in the same assay.”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Methods > Hormonal measurements
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“On average, participants slept for 7.8 ± 0.1 h during normal sleep vs 4.3 ± 0.0 h during sleep restriction (Table 1).”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Results
plainn = 19- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“after controlling for multiple comparisons with a Benjamini and Hochberg procedure”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Methods > Statistical analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In six IVGTTs during the normal sleep condition and two IVGTTs during the sleep restriction condition, technical difficulties invalidated the estimation of insulin sensitivity and secretion. Five of the six invalid IVGTTs during the normal sleep condition were repeated on a separate day”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Methods > Experimental protocol
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compliance with this schedule was verified by sleep diaries and continuous wrist activity monitoring (Actiwatch; Philips-Respironics, Bend, OR, USA).”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Methods > Experimental protocol
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants were studied at the University of Chicago Clinical Resource Center under two experimental conditions in randomised order spaced at least 4 weeks apart”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Methods > Experimental protocol
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Average body mass index (23.4 ± 0.4 vs 23.3 ± 0.4 kg/m2; p = 0.12) and percentage body fat (19.3 ± 1.1% vs 19.2 ± 1.0%; p = 0.86) did not differ between sleep conditions.”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Results
plainn = 19- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Growth hormone, noradrenaline and cortisol increase the rate of lipolysis and thereby raise circulating NEFA concentrations.
“In addition, these hormones are known to increase the rate of lipolysis, resulting in elevated circulating NEFA concentrations.”
The paper relies on this without support.
This study is the first to examine how sleep loss affects 24-hour NEFA profiles.
“To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the impact of sleep loss on 24 h NEFA profiles.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“When appraised collectively, these studies show that sleep restriction increases afternoon cortisol: Table 2.”
From Sleep, testosterone and cortisol balance, and ageing men (2022) · cites this paper as [78]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Results
“The decrease in insulin sensitivity was correlated with the increase in mean nocturnal NEFA levels (r = 0.52; p = 0.05; Fig. 5b)”
§ Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men > Results
“and the AUC for nocturnal NEFA levels (r = −0.53, p = 0.05).”
Citations
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Elevated ghrelin predicts food intake during experimental sleep restriction
Broussard, J. L., Kilkus, J. M., Delebecque, F., Abraham, V., Day, A., Whitmore, H. R., & Tasali, E. (2015) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21321 · Cited by 189
“body insulin sensitivity, and 24-hour profiles of free fatty acids and lipolytic hormones from the participants who are included in this report (20, 21).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationMorning Circadian Misalignment during Short Sleep Duration Impacts Insulin Sensitivity
Eckel, R. H., Depner, C. M., Perreault, L., Markwald, R. R., Smith, M. R., McHill, A. W., HIGGINS, J. A., Melanson, E. L., & Wright, K. P. (2015) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.10.011 · Cited by 173
“Our findings are consistent with models of circadian misalignment showing that eating or glucose infusion during the biological night is acutely associated with altered glucose metabolism and/or insulin sensitivity [33–37].”
Sleep Quality and Nocturnal Sleep Duration in Pregnancy and Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Cai, S., Tan, S., Gluckman, P. D., Godfrey, K. M., Saw, S.-M., Teoh, O. H., Chong, Y.-S., Meaney, M. J., Kramer, M. S., Gooley, J. J., et al. (2017) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsw058 · Cited by 157
Redox changes in obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes
Korać, B., Kalezic, A., Pekovic‐Vaughan, V., Korać, A., & Janković, A. (2021) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2021.101887 · Cited by 168
“Elevation of circulating FFA levels is associated with insulin resistance and diabetes risk [164].”
BackgroundPlasma Free Fatty Acid Concentration as a Modifiable Risk Factor for Metabolic Disease
Henderson, G. C. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13082590 · Cited by 152
“5 h per night) led to increased plasma FFA during the nighttime and morning, alongside a worsening of their IR; the sleep restricted participants also exhibited elevated plasma cortisol and norepinephrine (lipolytic hormones) at these time points [51].”
BackgroundHanlon, E. C., Tasali, E., Leproult, R., Stuhr, K. L., Doncheck, E., de Wit, H., Hillard, C. J., & Van Cauter, E. (2016) · Sleep · doi:10.5665/sleep.5546 · Cited by 150
Self-citationSympathetic neural responses to sleep disorders and insufficiencies
Greenlund, I. M., & Carter, J. R. (2022) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00590.2021 · Cited by 158
Sleep and circadian regulation of cortisol: A short review
O'Byrne, N. A., Yuen, F., Butt, W. Z., & Liu, P. Y. (2021) · Current Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1016/j.coemr.2021.03.011 · Cited by 145
Diet and exercise in the management of obstructive sleep apnoea and cardiovascular disease risk
Dobrosielski, D. A., Papandreou, C., Patil, S. P., & Salas‐Salvadó, J. (2017) · European Respiratory Review · doi:10.1183/16000617.0110-2016 · Cited by 156
“Sleep restriction relative to normal sleep results in increased free fatty acid levels and is correlated to a reduction in insulin sensitivity [77].”
BackgroundTrivedi, M. S., Holger, D. J., Bui, A., Craddock, T. J. A., & Tartar, J. L. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181978 · Cited by 115
Connecting insufficient sleep and insomnia with metabolic dysfunction
Duan, D., Kim, L. J., Jun, J. C., & Polotsky, V. Y. (2023) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.14926 · Cited by 110
Mota, M. C., Silva, C. M., Balieiro, L. C. T., Fahmy, W. M., & Crispim, C. A. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-06723-w · Cited by 101
Cerebral Metabolic Changes During Sleep
Aalling, N. N., Nedergaard, M., & DiNuzzo, M. (2018) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-018-0868-9 · Cited by 101
Thompson, K. I., Chau, M., Lorenzetti, M. S., Hill-Bowen, L. D., Fins, A. I., & Tartar, J. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.945661 · Cited by 123
“Although, the total sleep time was in line with typical habitual sleep (Belenky et al., 2003; Rupp et al., 2009; Broussard et al., 2015) for this age group’s patterns.”
BackgroundSondrup, N., Termannsen, A., Eriksen, J. N., Hjorth, M. F., Færch, K., Klingenberg, L., & Quist, J. S. (2022) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101594 · Cited by 105
Complex physiology and clinical implications of time-restricted eating
Petersen, M. C., Gallop, M. R., Ramos, S. F., Zarrinpar, A., Broussard, J. L., Chondronikola, M., Chaix, A., & Klein, S. (2022) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00006.2022 · Cited by 94
Self-citationSleep, testosterone and cortisol balance, and ageing men
Liu, P. Y., & Reddy, R. T. (2022) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-022-09755-4 · Cited by 80
“5 h/night or less [40, 57, 78, 79, 83, 84] reported that sleep restriction increased afternoon cortisol.”
BackgroundInfluentialInsulin Resistance in Type 1 Diabetes: Pathophysiological, Clinical, and Therapeutic Relevance
Apostolopoulou, M., Lambadiari, V., Roden, M., & Dimitriadis, G. D. (2025) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnae032 · Cited by 90
Origins and History of the Minimal Model of Glucose Regulation
Bergman, R. N. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.583016 · Cited by 79
“Experiments to identify the blood-borne signal responsible for the increase in insulin response suggested that nocturnal free fatty acids, peaking in the middle of the night, might provoke the enhanced secretory response, since blocking the nocturnal rise prevented the increment in the islet response (33); a similar m…”
BackgroundMaugeri, A., Medina‐Inojosa, J. R., Kunzová, Š., Agodi, A., Barchitta, M., Sochor, O., López-Jiménez, F. A., Geda, Y. E., & Vinciguerra, M. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10091219 · Cited by 79
“Moreover, a study conducted on 19 healthy young men showed that sleep restriction results in elevations in nocturnal and early-morning fatty acid levels accompanied by marked alterations in hormones involved in lipolysis and reduced insulin sensitivity [50].”
BackgroundWaking Up to the Importance of Sleep in Type 2 Diabetes Management: A Narrative Review.
Henson, J., Covenant, A., Hall, A. P., Herring, L., Rowlands, A. V., Yates, T., & Davies, M. J. (2024) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci23-0037 · Cited by 69
Cedernaes, J., Lampola, L., Axelsson, E. K., Liethof, L., Hassanzadeh, S., Yeganeh, A., Broman, J., Schiöth, H. B., & Benedict, C. (2015) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12340 · Cited by 69
“concentrations of free fatty acids (FFAs) (Broussard et al., 2015), which are known to impair insulin-stimulated muscle uptake of glucose in humans (Roden et al.”
BackgroundEffects of Two-Week Sleep Extension on Glucose Metabolism in Chronically Sleep-Deprived Individuals
So-ngern, A., Chirakalwasan, N., Saetung, S., Chanprasertyothin, S., Thakkinstian, A., & Reutrakul, S. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.7758 · Cited by 69
Subba, R., Sandhir, R., Singh, S. P., Mallick, B. N., & Mondal, A. C. (2021) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15136 · Cited by 69
“5 hr for only four consecutive nights elevated free fatty acids, norepinephrine, and insulin insensitivity (Broussard et al., 2015).”
BackgroundA systems genetics resource and analysis of sleep regulation in the mouse
Diessler, S., Jan, M., Emmenegger, Y., Guex, N., Middleton, B., Skene, D. J., Ibberson, M. R., Burdet, F., Götz, L., Pagni, M., et al. (2018) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2005750 · Cited by 63
Rogers, E. M., Banks, N. F., & Jenkins, N. D. M. (2024) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.3667 · Cited by 62
“32,33,52,54 Importantly, it appears that elevated circulating NEFAs are at least partially responsible for decreased peripheral insulin sensitivity caused by experimental sleep restriction.”
BackgroundEnergy metabolism differs between sleep stages and begins to increase prior to awakening
Kayaba, M., Park, I., Iwayama, K., Seya, Y., Ogata, H., Yajima, K., Satoh, M., & Tokuyama, K. (2017) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2016.12.016 · Cited by 58
Two Nights of Recovery Sleep Reverses the Effects of Short-term Sleep Restriction on Diabetes Risk
Broussard, J. L., Wroblewski, K., Kilkus, J. M., & Tasali, E. (2016) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc15-2214 · Cited by 56
“normal sleep on sleep stages, insulin sensitivity, and insulin response from this cohort (1,2,4).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationLiu, P. Y. (2019) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2019-00683 · Cited by 55
Yang, J., Zhang, K., Xi, Z., Ma, Y., Shao, C., Wang, W., & Tang, Y. (2022) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-022-02767-z · Cited by 54
Jácome-Sosa, M., Parks, E. J., Bruno, R. S., Tasali, E., Lewis, G. F., Schneeman, B. O., & Rains, T. M. (2016) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.115.010397 · Cited by 49
“(86) discussed above, healthy men underwent 4 nights of sleep restriction after which a 12-h period of metabolism was monitored, in the postprandial state.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationA rotating light cycle promotes weight gain and hepatic lipid storage in mice
Christie, S., Vincent, A. D., Li, H., Frisby, C. L., Kentish, S. J., O’Rielly, R., Wittert, G., & Page, A. J. (2018) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00020.2018 · Cited by 41
“Epidemiological studies suggest that long-term circadian misalignment, such as occurs with shift work, is a risk factor for insulin resistance (13), type 2 diabetes (9), metabolic syndrome (27), obesity (10, 16, 52, 55), hyperlipidemia (7), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (34, 35).”
BackgroundShort-term moderate sleep restriction decreases insulin sensitivity in young healthy adults
Wang, X., Greer, J., Porter, R. R., Kaur, K., & Youngstedt, S. D. (2016) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2015.11.004 · Cited by 42
Kawaguchi, Y., Sawa, J., Sakuma, N., & Kumeda, Y. (2018) · Journal of Diabetes Investigation · doi:10.1111/jdi.12884 · Cited by 41
Ness, K. M., Strayer, S. M., Nahmod, N. G., Chang, A.-M., Buxton, O. M., & Shearer, G. C. (2019) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00336.2018 · Cited by 38
“Furthermore, we assessed the effects of 2 nights of recovery sleep (10 h TIB/night) on glycemic measures of insulin sensitivity after 5 nights of 5 h TIB/night.”
BackgroundInfluentialMcHill, A. W., Hull, J. T., McMullan, C. J., & Klerman, E. B. (2018) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00319 · Cited by 38
“Finally, our findings of a non-significant trend for higher fasted cortisol in the CSR condition adds to the somewhat inconclusive literature on the impact of sleep restriction on cortisol, as acute sleep restriction has been reported to either elevate (49, 62, 63) or not change (64–66) cortisol concentrations.”
Resultde Souza, J. F. T., Dáttilo, M., de Mello, M. T., Tufik, S., & Antunes, H. K. M. (2017) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00992 · Cited by 35
“After 4 consecutive nights of sleep restriction, Broussard et al. (2015) analyzed metabolic variables for 24 h, during which time there was an increase of 15–30% in FFA concentrations, especially in the period between 4 and 9 a.m., which coincides with the timing of collections of this study…”
MethodEffects of Insufficient Sleep on Pituitary–Adrenocortical Response to CRH Stimulation in Healthy Men
Guyon, A., Morselli, L. L., Balbo, M. L., Tasali, E., Leproult, R., L’Hermite-Balériaux, M., Van Cauter, E., & Spiegel, K. (2017) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsx064 · Cited by 35
Self-citationCircadian Rhythm of Substrate Oxidation and Hormonal Regulators of Energy Balance
Rynders, C. A., Morton, S. J., Bessesen, D. H., Wright, K. P., & Broussard, J. L. (2020) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22816 · Cited by 37
“These data are also consistent with previous reports of higher circulating free fatty acid concentrations in plasma and higher fat oxidation during the biological night compared with the day (25-27).”
ResultSelf-citationSleep Optimization and Diabetes Control: A Review of the Literature
Arora, T., & Taheri, S. (2015) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-015-0141-z · Cited by 34
“The authors of other experimental studies have reported comparable findings [34–37].”
ResultSleep loss is a metabolic disorder
Feeney, S. P., McCarthy, J. M., Petruconis, C. R., & Tudor, J. C. (2025) · Science Signaling · doi:10.1126/scisignal.adp9358 · Cited by 38
Challenges and Opportunities for Applying Wearable Technology to Sleep
Tobin, S. Y., Williams, P., Baron, K. G., Halliday, T. M., & Depner, C. M. (2021) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2021.07.002 · Cited by 34
Timing Modulates the Effect of Sleep Loss on Glucose Homeostasis
Wilms, B., Chamorro, R., Hallschmid, M., Trost, D., Forck, N., Schultes, B., Mölle, M., Sayk, F., Lehnert, H., & Schmid, S. M. (2019) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2018-02636 · Cited by 33
The impact of obstructive sleep apnea on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Tang, H., Lv, F., Zhang, P., Liu, J., & Mao, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1254459 · Cited by 37
“There is evidence that sleep deprivation is associated with hormone secretion, including prolonged nocturnal growth hormone release and an early rise in morning adrenaline and noradrenaline, which can have an impact on IR (87).”
Circadian Rhythms Versus Daily Patterns in Human Physiology and Behavior
Broussard, J. L., Reynolds, A. C., Depner, C. M., Ferguson, S. A., Dawson, D. E., & Wright, K. P. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-81-322-3688-7_13 · Cited by 33
Self-citationAbdollahi, A., Dowden, B. N., Buhman, K. K., Zembroski, A. S., & Henderson, G. C. (2022) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.15161 · Cited by 27
“, 2020), sleep- deprived people (Borel, 2019; Broussard et al., 2015; Rao et al., 2015; Zhu et al., 2019), elderly (Milanesi & Weinreb, 2000; Takeda et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialLiu, P. Y., Lawrence-Sidebottom, D., Piotrowska, K., Zhang, W., Iranmanesh, A., Auchus, R. J., Veldhuis, J. D., & Van Dongen, H. P. A. (2021) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab375 · Cited by 28
Circadian rhythms in the tissue-specificity from metabolism to immunity: insights from omics studies
Kinouchi, K., Mikami, Y., Kanai∥, T., & Itoh, H. (2021) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2021.100984 · Cited by 28
Four nights of sleep restriction suppress the postprandial lipemic response and decrease satiety
Ness, K. M., Strayer, S. M., Nahmod, N. G., Schade, M. M., Chang, A.-M., Shearer, G. C., & Buxton, O. M. (2019) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.p094375 · Cited by 25
Mohr, A. E., Mcevoy, C. N., Sears, D. D., Arciero, P. J., & Sweazea, K. L. (2021) · Advances in Redox Research · doi:10.1016/j.arres.2021.100026 · Cited by 29
Regulación circadiana, patrón horario de alimentación y sueño: Enfoque en el problema de obesidad
Chamorro, R., Farías, R., & Peirano, P. D. (2018) · Revista chilena de nutrición · doi:10.4067/s0717-75182018000400285 · Cited by 31
Bowman, M. A., Duggan, K. A., Brindle, R. C., Kline, C. E., Krafty, R. T., Thayer, J. F., & Hall, M. H. (2019) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2019.02.005 · Cited by 25
Social Jetlag Is Associated With Impaired Metabolic Control During a 1-Year Follow-Up
Mota, M. C., Silva, C. M., Balieiro, L. C. T., Fahmy, W. M., Marqueze, E. C., Moreno, C. R. D. C., & Crispim, C. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.702769 · Cited by 25
“, 2014), and an atherogenic lipid profile (Broussard et al., 2015; Chua et al., 2015).”
BackgroundRynders, C. A., Bergouignan, A., Kealey, E. H., & Bessesen, D. H. (2017) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21807 · Cited by 23
“Our data are particularly relevant in light of accumulating evidence showing that sleep plays an important role in the regulation of EB and metabolic health (24-27).”
Taheri, M., Irandost, K., Mirmoezzi, M., et al. (2018) · Sleep and Hypnosis · doi:10.5350/sleep.hypn.2019.21.0185 · Cited by 22
“Broussard, et al. (2015) stated that sleep loss could increase levels of free fatty acids in a similar condition to pre-diabetic conditions in healthy young men (Broussard et al., 2015).”
ResultLiu, P. Y., Takahashi, P. Y., Yang, R. J., Iranmanesh, A., & Veldhuis, J. D. (2020) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa008 · Cited by 22
Duraccio, K. M., Kamhout, S., Baron, K. G., Reutrakul, S., & Depner, C. M. (2024) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp284911 · Cited by 22
McWhorter, K. L., Park, Y., Gaston, S. A., Fang, K., Sandler, D. P., & Jackson, C. L. (2019) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000652 · Cited by 21
Broussard, J. L., Nelson, M. D., Kolka, C. M., Bediako, I. A., Paszkiewicz, R. L., Smith, L., Szczepaniak, E. W., Stefanovski, D., Szczepaniak, L. S., & Bergman, R. N. (2015) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-015-3767-5 · Cited by 23
“We previously showed that lard feeding in dogs leads to a drastic increase in circulating NEFAs levels at night [41], a phenomenon which also occurs during insulin resistance induced by sleep restriction in humans [42].”
BackgroundSelf-citationYang, Y., Zhao, L., Li, D., Xu, F., Wang, X., Lu, C., Wang, C., Yu, C., Zhang, X., Ning, L.-Y., et al. (2021) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-021-00720-w · Cited by 24
“Moreover, increased cortisol secretion in the afternoon and evening and prolonged growth hormone secretion at night due to sleep restriction could also facilitate insulin resistance [59, 60].”
BackgroundBroussard, J. L., Kolka, C. M., Castro, A. V., Bediako, I. A., Paszkiewicz, R. L., Szczepaniak, E. W., Szczepaniak, L. S., Knutson, K. L., Kim, S. P., & Bergman, R. N. (2015) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-015-3721-6 · Cited by 20
“elevated during sleep-restriction-induced insulin resistance [9].”
Self-citationde Oliveira, E. M., Visniauskas, B., Tufik, S., Andersen, M. L., Chagas, J. R., & Čampa, A. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9030311 · Cited by 19
“Moreover, the elevation in circulating non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) is another event derived from SR [32] and it might be a direct effect of serum amyloid A, once it is able to induce lipolysis [6,26].”
BackgroundCold-Induced Thermogenesis Shows a Diurnal Variation That Unfolds Differently in Males and Females
Straat, M. E., Martínez‐Téllez, B., Mishre, A. S. D. S., Verkleij, M. M. A., Kemmeren, M., Pelsma, I. C. M., Alcántara, J. M. A., Méndez-Gutiérrez, A., Kooijman, S., Boon, M. R., et al. (2022) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgac094 · Cited by 17
Disparities in Hypertension Among African-Americans: Implications of Insufficient Sleep
Covassin, N., Greene, E. L., Singh, P., & Somers, V. K. (2018) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-018-0855-1 · Cited by 19
Seo, J. A., Lee, D. Y., Yu, J. H., Cho, H., Lee, S. K., Suh, S. A., Kim, S. G., Choi, K. M., Baik, S. H., Shin, C., et al. (2019) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz090 · Cited by 17
“Elevated level of nonesterified free fatty acids after sleep restriction is associated with insulin resistance in humans [25].”
BackgroundBrouwer, A., Bediako, I. A., Paszkiewicz, R. L., Kolka, C. M., Bergman, R. N., & Broussard, J. L. (2020) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-019-05084-5 · Cited by 19
“Consistent with findings from human studies in which food intake was controlled, insufficient sleep in the canine was also accompanied by a reduction in DI due to a lack of compensatory beta cell response [4, 6, 13, 24, 40].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationThe role of sleep in PCOS: what we know and what to consider in the future
Teo, P., Henry, B. A., Moran, L., Cowan, S., & Bennett, C. (2022) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1080/17446651.2022.2082941 · Cited by 19
The immune-sleep crosstalk in inflammatory bowel disease
Eissa, N., Mujawar, Q. M., Alabdoulsalam, T., Zohni, S., & El‐Matary, W. (2020) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2020.04.020 · Cited by 15
Sex Differences in Body Fat Distribution
Mansour, M. F., Chan, C.-W. J., Laforest, S., Veilleux, A., & Tchernof, A. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-52031-5_8 · Cited by 17
Metabolic Disturbances Induced by Sleep Restriction as Potential Triggers for Alzheimer’s Disease
García‐Aviles, J. E., Méndez‐Hernández, R., Guzmán‐Ruiz, M. A., Cruz, M., Guerrero‐Vargas, N. N., Velázquez‐Moctezuma, J., & Hurtado‐Alvarado, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2021.722523 · Cited by 17
Tajiri, E., Yoshimura, E., Tobina, T., Yamashita, T., Kume, K., Hatamoto, Y., & Shimoda, S. (2023) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2023.106998 · Cited by 16
Tang, J., Yan, Y., Zheng, J., Mi, J., & Li, D. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10030344 · Cited by 16
Adiponectin levels and sleep deprivation in patients with endocrine metabolic disorders
de Oliveira, R. F., Daniele, T. M. D. C., Façanha, C. F. S., Forti, A. C. E., de Bruin, P. F. C., & de Bruin, V. M. S. (2018) · Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira · doi:10.1590/1806-9282.64.12.1122 · Cited by 14
Short Sleep Duration Disrupts Glucose Metabolism: Can Exercise Turn Back the Clock?
Maloney, A., & Kanaley, J. A. (2024) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1249/jes.0000000000000339 · Cited by 14
Thimgan, M. S., Kress, N., Lisse, J., Fiebelman, C., & Hilderbrand, T. (2018) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00464 · Cited by 13
“Plasma levels of lipid-related molecules are altered through sleep deprivation (9), and free fatty acids are elevated during sleep restriction (10).”
BackgroundAder, M., & Bergman, R. N. (2021) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endocr/bqab119 · Cited by 11
Sivakumaran, K., Ritonja, J. A., Palmer, N. R., Pasumarthi, T. S., Waseem, H., Yu, T. M., Denning, A., Michaud, D. S., & Morgan, R. L. (2022) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13775 · Cited by 12
“In this analysis, sleep restriction varied from restricting sleep time to 4–5.5 h (see Table S38 for more details).”
BackgroundInfluentialArvin, P., Ghafouri, S., Bavarsad, K., Hajipour, S., Khoshnam, S. E., Sarkaki, A., & Farbood, Y. (2022) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114190 · Cited by 11
Bedeutung des zirkadianen Schlafrhythmus für den Energiestoffwechsel
Meyhöfer, S., Wilms, B., Oster, H., & Schmid, S. M. (2019) · Der Internist · doi:10.1007/s00108-018-0543-x · Cited by 10
Porter, J. W., Pettit‐Mee, R. J., Emerson, T. S., McCrae, C. S., Lastra, G., Vieira‐Potter, V. J., Parks, E. J., & Kanaley, J. A. (2021) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13381 · Cited by 10
Impact of Sleep and Circadian Disturbances on Glucose Metabolism and Type 2 Diabetes
Reutrakul, S., Punjabi, N. M., & Cauter, E. V. (2018) · Cited by 9
Park, J., Lim, S., Yim, E., Kim, Y.-D., & Chung, W. (2016) · Health Policy and Management · doi:10.4332/kjhpa.2016.26.2.125 · Cited by 9
“수면시간이 짧으면 혈중 유리지방산이 증가와 함께 인슐린 저항 성을 높여 인슐린의 혈당조절기능이 떨어지며[44], 수면시간이 과”
Cros, J., Pianezzi, E., Rosset, R., Egli, L., Schneiter, P., Cornette, F., Pouymayou, B., Heinzer, R. C., Tappy, L., Kreis, R., et al. (2018) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqy215 · Cited by 9
Zhu, Y., & Mi, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1539679 · Cited by 10
“This can ultimately lead to indirect effects on glucose metabolism and increase the likelihood of developing T2DM by promoting weight gain and ultimately causing the body to become resistant to insulin (131).”
Sleep Deprivation and Its Impact on Insulin Resistance
Pinheiro, M. C., Costa, H. E., Mariana, M., & Cairrão, E. (2025) · Endocrines · doi:10.3390/endocrines6040049 · Cited by 9
Faria, V. S., McManus, L., O’Hagan, A. D., & Egan, B. (2025) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101044 · Cited by 6
“…hormone imbalance (e.g., insulin, growth hormone, cortisol, testosterone, leptin, and ghrelin), 23,37 (cid:1) 40 increased sympathetic nervous system activity, 33,41,42 elevated non-esterified fatty acids concentration, 11,23,24,37,43 and a reduction in sensitivity of the insulin signaling pathway.”
Kass, L. S., Sanderson, J. C., Desai, T., & Hurst, R. (2022) · Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research · doi:10.1177/14791641211067421 · Cited by 6
“Increases in inflammatory markers because of sleep restriction have been well documented.(47,48) These include ‘cytokine interleukin-1β’,(49) ‘Interleukin 6’,(50) Interleukin 17A’,(51) ‘tumour necrosis factor alpha’,(52) ‘high-sensitivity C-reactive protein’(53) and increased ‘leukocytes and monocytes’.”
BackgroundSleep Debt and Insulin Resistance: What's Worse, Sleep Deprivation or Sleep Restriction?
de Souza, J. F. T., Mônico‐Neto, M., Tufik, S., & Antunes, H. K. M. (2024) · Sleep Science · doi:10.1055/s-0044-1782173 · Cited by 8
“Regarding sleep restriction, protocols 11,35,36 ofa single night, four nights, and a week (all samples with healthy young adults) resulted in a higher insulin AUC curve and endogenous glucose production, in addition to a decrease in the rate of glucose available after the…”
Acute sleep deprivation leads to growth hormone (GH) resistance in rats
Lyu, X., Wang, G., Pi, Z., & Wu, L. (2020) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113545 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Broussard, J. L., Chapotot, F., Abraham, V., Day, A., Delebecque, F., Whitmore, H. R., & Tasali, E.
- Affiliations
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (US)
- University of Chicago (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Broussard, Josiane L.
- Venue
- Diabetologia
- Published
- 2015-02-22
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 791-798
- ISSN
- 0012-186X (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0428
- PMC
- PMC4358810
- OpenAlex
- W2009304756
- Semantic Scholar
- 68b543b0674afaf084769a174abe95ec8d63f249
- Cited by
- 156
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 9
- FWCI
- 27.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Diabetologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Defense (W81XWH)
- University of Chicago (UL1 TR000430)
- Georgia Clinical and Translational Science Alliance (UL1 TR000430)
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000430, W81XWH, P60 DK20595, TR000430)
- National Institute on Aging (P01-AG11412., P01AG011412)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL086459, R01HL075079, T32HL007909)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P60DK20595, P60DK020595, P30DK020595)
- National Center for Research Resources (P41RR013642)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (CTSA-UL1 TR000430)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P50HD057796)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- sleep restriction, free fatty acids, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes risk, growth hormone, norepinephrine, cortisol, lipolysis, insulin sensitivity, circadian rhythm
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Blood Glucose, Circadian Rhythm, Fatty Acids, Nonesterified, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Male, Norepinephrine, Random Allocation, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation, Time Factors, Biomarkers, Up-Regulation, Human Growth Hormone, Young Adult, Healthy Volunteers
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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