The DOI matches its Crossref record; 39 of the 39 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effects of combined GIP and GLP-1 infusion on energy intake, appetite and energy expenditure in overweight/obese individuals: a randomised, crossover study
Open accessAbstract
Aims/hypothesis Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) reduces appetite and energy intake in humans, whereas the other incretin hormone, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), seems to have no effect on eating behaviour. Interestingly, studies in rodents have shown that concomitant activation of GIP and GLP-1 receptors may potentiate the satiety-promoting effect of GLP-1, and a novel dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist was recently shown to trigger greater weight losses compared with a GLP-1 receptor agonist in individuals with type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to delineate the effects of combined GIP and GLP-1 receptor activation on energy intake, appetite and resting energy expenditure in humans.Methods We examined 17 overweight/obese men in a crossover design with 5 study days. On day 1, a 50 g OGTT was performed; on the following 4 study days, the men received an isoglycaemic i.v. glucose infusion (IIGI) plus saline (154 mmol/l NaCl; placebo), GIP (4 pmol kg-1 min-1), GLP-1 (1 pmol kg-1 min-1) or GIP+GLP-1 (4 and 1 pmol kg-1 min-1, respectively). All IIGIs were performed in a randomised order blinded for the participant and the investigators. The primary endpoint was energy intake as measured by an ad libitum meal after 240 min. Secondary endpoints included appetite ratings and resting energy expenditure, as well as insulin, C-peptide and glucagon responses.Results Energy intake was significantly reduced during IIGI+GLP-1 compared with IIGI+saline infusion (2715 ± 409 vs 4483 ± 568 kJ [mean ± SEM, n = 17], p = 0.014), whereas there were no significant differences in energy intake during IIGI+GIP (4062 ± 520 kJ) or IIGI+GIP+GLP-1 (3875 ± 451 kJ) infusion compared with IIGI+saline (p = 0.590 and p = 0.364, respectively). Energy intake was higher during IIGI+GIP+GLP-1 compared with IIGI+GLP-1 infusion (p = 0.039).Conclusions/interpretation While GLP-1 infusion lowered energy intake in overweight/obese men, simultaneous GIP infusion did not potentiate this GLP-1-mediated effect.Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02598791 FUNDING: This study was supported by grants from the Innovation Fund Denmark and the Vissing Foundation.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“despite that this additive effect in food intake and glycaemia was not observed in some acute clinical studies [41, 42].”
From What is the pipeline for future medications for obesity? (2025) · cites this paper as [42]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Seventeen overweight or obese males were given either GIP or GLP-1 alone for 5 days, or GIP+GLP-1 at the same time, and allowed to eat ad libitum food 240 min later, and there was no effect on energy intake in the GIP group.”
From Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Anti-Obesity Treatment: Where Do We Stand? (2021) · cites this paper as [68]
In the citing paper
“Energy intake decreased in the GLP-1 administration group, but energy intake increased more in the GIP+GLP-1 combination administration group (P = 0.039) [68].”
From Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Anti-Obesity Treatment: Where Do We Stand? (2021) · cites this paper as [68]
In the citing paper
“Energy intake decreased in the GLP-1 administration group, but energy intake increased more in the GIP+GLP-1 combination administration group (P = 0.039) [68].”
From Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Anti-Obesity Treatment: Where Do We Stand? (2021) · cites this paper as [68]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Pharmacology, physiology, and mechanisms of incretin hormone action.
Campbell, J. E., & Drucker, D. J. (2013) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2013.04.008 · Cited by 1,500
Glucagon-like peptide 1 promotes satiety and suppresses energy intake in humans.
Flint, A., Raben, A., Astrup, A., & Holst, J. J. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci990 · Cited by 1,402
Self-citationInhibition of gastric inhibitory polypeptide signaling prevents obesity
Miyawaki, K., Yamada, Y., Ban, N., Ihara, Y., Tsukiyama, K., Zhou, H., Fujimoto, S., Oku, A., Tsuda, K., Toyokuni, S., et al. (2002) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm727 · Cited by 963
Self-citationTissue and Plasma Concentrations of Amidated and Glycine-Extended Glucagon-Like Peptide I in Humans
Ørskov, C., Rabenhøj, L., Wettergren, A., Kofod, H., & Holst, J. J. (1994) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.43.4.535 · Cited by 916
Self-citationScience Translational Medicine
(2013) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed · Cited by 880
Frias, J. P., Nauck, M. A., Van, J., Kutner, M. E., Cui, X., Benson, C., Urva, S., Gimeno, R. E., Milicevic, Z., Robins, D., et al. (2018) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32260-8 · Cited by 815
Unimolecular Dual Incretins Maximize Metabolic Benefits in Rodents, Monkeys, and Humans
Finan, B., Ma, T., Ottaway, N., Müller, T. D., Habegger, K. M., Heppner, K. M., Kirchner, H., Holland, J., Hembree, J., Raver, C., et al. (2013) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3007218 · Cited by 696
Blundell, J., Finlayson, G., Axelsen, M., Flint, A., Gibbons, C., Kvist, T., & Hjerpsted, J. B. (2017) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.12932 · Cited by 693
Verdich, C., Flint, A., Gutzwiller, J., Näslund, E. B., Beglinger, C., Hellström, P. M., Long, S. J., Morgan, L., Holst, J. J., & Astrup, A. V. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.9.7877 · Cited by 657
Self-citationNauck, M. A., Bartels, E., Ørskov, C., Ebert, R., & Creutzfeldt, W. (1993) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.76.4.8473405 · Cited by 505
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–142 of 142
Šket, R., Slapnik, B., Kotnik, P., Črepinšek, K., Kern, B. Č., Tesovnik, T., Bizjan, B. J., Vrhovšek, B., Remec, Ž. I., Debeljak, M., et al. (2024) · Advances in Therapy · doi:10.1007/s12325-024-03057-8 · Cited by 7
Anti‐incretin effect: The other face of Janus in human glucose homeostasis
Karras, S. Ν., Koufakis, T., Mustafa, O. G., & Kotsa, K. (2019) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12917 · Cited by 7
Regulation of feeding and therapeutic application of bioactive peptides
Ueno, H., Zhang, W., & Nakazato, M. (2022) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108187 · Cited by 7
Tirzepatide as an Insulin Sensitizer
Ferrannini, E. (2021) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab803 · Cited by 7
Sex differences in GLP-1 signaling across speciesPreprint
Roseberry, T., Grossrubatscher, I., Krausz, T., Wang, Y.-J., Schwartz, M. W., & Tingley, D. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.03.17.643822 · Cited by 8
Tirzepatide and the new era of twincretins for diabetes
Tan, T., & Khoo, B. C. E. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01390-8 · Cited by 7
Antiobesogenic effects of central GIPR antagonism
Yue, J. T. Y., & Lam, T. K. T. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci130755 · Cited by 7
Choi, J., Lee, J., & Kim, W. K. (2025) · Poultry Science · doi:10.1016/j.psj.2025.105481 · Cited by 5
GLP-1 and GIP: Magic bullet for musculoskeletal diseases?
Fang, Q., Gan, L., Liu, P., Ding, P., & Gao, Y. (2025) · Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.1016/j.jare.2025.08.046 · Cited by 5
Schneider, E. M., Dourish, C. T., & Higgs, S. (2022) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2022.106087 · Cited by 5
Mangliar, I. A., Plante, A.-S., Chabot, M., Savard, C., Lemieux, S., Michaud, A., Weisnagel, S. J., Lemyre, F. C., Veilleux, A., & Morisset, A. (2023) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2023-0301 · Cited by 4
Lauritsen, J. V., Bergmann, N. C., Junker, A. E., Gyldenløve, M., Skov, L., Gluud, L. L., Hartmann, B., Holst, J. J., Vilsbøll, T., & Knop, F. K. (2023) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1093/ejendo/lvad161 · Cited by 4
Self-citationJalleh, R. J., Trahair, L. G., Wu, T., Standfield, S., Feinle‐Bisset, C., Rayner, C. K., Horowitz, M., & Jones, K. L. (2023) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.15042 · Cited by 3
Krogh, L. S. L., Helsted, M. M., Englund, A., Bergmann, N. C., Skov‐Jeppesen, K., Nielsen, C. K., Hansen, C. P., ROSENKILDE, M. M., Hartmann, B., Holst, J. J., et al. (2025) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.70186 · Cited by 3
Self-citationGalsgaard, K. D., Hartmann, B., ROSENKILDE, M. M., Holst, J. J., Gasbjerg, L. S., & Sørensen, C. M. (2025) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.70699 · Cited by 3
Self-citationJiang, P., Sun, N., Yang, W. Y., Xiao, L., Zhou, L., Gu, B., Li, Y., Li, L., Li, J., Li, X., et al. (2023) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.15235 · Cited by 3
Li, L., Decker, A.-M., Stobäus, N., Beer, F., Grittner, U., Spranger, J., & Mai, K. (2022) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2022.02.004 · Cited by 4
Monlunabant suppresses appetite through a central mechanism
Mullassaril, P., Brodkin, L., & Brodkin, J. D. (2025) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0000000000000818 · Cited by 2
Szostak, B., Kułaga, M., Kasprzak, A., Grzybek, M., Mazur-Lesińska, D., Wielgosz-Biała, S., Tyszkiewicz, K., Łozowski, B., Kasprzak, M., & Wilczyńska, B. (2025) · Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.56782/pps.361 · Cited by 3
Incretin Signaling Neighborhoods and Adverse Drug Reactions
Wright, S. C., Lindquist, P., ROSENKILDE, M. M., & Lauschke, V. M. (2025) · The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-062124-015046 · Cited by 3
Revitalizing GIP: Therapeutic Potential in Metabolic and Neurodegenerative Disorders
Qiao, Y., Zhou, F., Mao, T., & Gao, L. (2026) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s559587 · Cited by 3
The Paradox and Future of GLP-1/GIP Combination Therapies: Efficacy and Mechanisms
Davies, I., Holst, J. J., ROSENKILDE, M. M., & Tan, T. (2026) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-061824-043740 · Cited by 2
Self-citationLiang, C., Niu, H., Lyu, L., Wu, Y., & Zhang, L. (2024) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.202300735 · Cited by 2
Safety of native glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide in humans
Helsted, M. M., Schaltz, N. L., Gasbjerg, L. S., Christensen, M., Vilsbøll, T., & Knop, F. K. (2024) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171214 · Cited by 2
Self-citationFuture Perspectives in the Management of Obesity
Garcha, S. C., & Kalra, S. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-1651-0_6 · Cited by 1
Josefine, R., Schilliger, L., Athanasios, K., Cathrin, R., Böhm, S., Haidinger, M., Fischler, M., & Jensen, A. (2025) · Obesity Research & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.orcp.2025.10.005 · Cited by 1
GLP-1 Is Not Enough: Can Glucagon Fill the Energy Expenditure Gap?
Beji, S., & Caron, A. (2026) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000550812 · Cited by 1
Clinical Potential of GIP in Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity
Nauck, M. A., Gribble, F. M., Reimann, F. M., D’Alessio, D. A., & Campbell, J. E. (2026) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci25-0141 · Cited by 1
Vidal, J. P. (1986) · Memoria digital de Canarias (Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria) · Cited by 1
Glucagon‐Like Peptide‐1 Receptor Activators
Wagner, M., Evers, A., Bossart, M., & Konkar, A. A. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471266949.bmc268
Ritzel, R. A. (2021) · Diabetologie und Stoffwechsel · doi:10.1055/a-1687-3008
Regional Intestinal Drug Absorption
Gonzalez-Alvarez, M. I., & Dahan, A. (2022) · MDPI eBooks · doi:10.3390/books978-3-0365-3657-6
Veränderungen der Sekretion und biologischen Wirksamkeit von Inkretinhormonen bei Typ-2-Diabetes
Quast, D. R., & Nauck, M. A. (2024) · Die Diabetologie · doi:10.1007/s11428-023-01146-w
Varra, F., Varras, M. N., Varra, V., & Theodosis‐Nobelos, P. (2025) · Current Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.2174/0127724328392698250818071803 · Cited by 1
Pharmacological targets in obesity
Pavli, P., Mastorakos, G. P., & Valsamakis, G. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-27370-4.00013-5
Chasseloup, F. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/ddec5b6dzf376z4aadz9970zf0bf052c6f02
Terui, S., Minami, T., Nakamura, K., & Terauchi, Y. (2026) · Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis · doi:10.12997/jla.2026.15.2.249 · Cited by 1
Krogh, L. S. L., Hansen, M. B., Bergmann, N. C., Hansen, C. P., Hartmann, B., Holst, J. J., Knop, F. K., Lund, A., & Gasbjerg, L. S. (2026) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.70940 · Cited by 1
Self-citationPeptide hormone-based combinational pharmacotherapies for chronic metabolic diseases
Chui, Z. S. W., Xue, Y., Wu, X., & Xu, A. (2026) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.pharmr.2026.100150
Sun, Y., Xie, C., Huang, W., Bound, M. J., Grivell, J., Jones, K. L., Horowitz, M., Macdonald, I. A., Rayner, C. K., & Wu, T. (2026) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db26-0267
Galsgaard, K. D., Cookson, T. A., Modvig, I. M., ABBA, V., Trammell, S. A. J., ROSENKILDE, M. M., Gasbjerg, L. S., Sørensen, C. M., Hartmann, B., & Holst, J. J. (2026) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.71069
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Bergmann, N. C., Lund, A., Gasbjerg, L. S., Meessen, E. C. E., Andersen, M. M., Bergmann, S., Hartmann, B., Holst, J. J., Jessen, L., Christensen, M. B., Vilsbøll, T., & Knop, F. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Gentofte Hospital (DK)
- Zealand Pharma (Denmark) (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Knop, Filip K.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Diabetologia
- Published
- 2019-01-25
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 665-675
- ISSN
- 0012-186X (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0428
- OpenAlex
- W2911644854
- Cited by
- 142
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 14
- FWCI
- 9.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Diabetologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- The Vissing Foundation
- The Innovation Fund Denmark
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Pharmacology and Obesity Treatment
- Keywords
- glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide-1, GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist, energy intake, appetite, resting energy expenditure, incretins, satiety, obesity, overweight
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Appetite, Blood Glucose, Energy Intake, Calorimetry, Double-Blind Method, Energy Metabolism, Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide, Glucagon, Humans, Insulin, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Weight Loss, Cross-Over Studies, Overweight, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
