Minimising hypoglycaemia in the real world: the challenge of insulin
Open accessAbstract
Insulin therapy has been a life saver for people with type 1 diabetes and has been an essential tool in the therapy of people with type 2 diabetes, but the risk for hypoglycaemia has been a major hurdle to achieving good glycaemic control for most. Insulin analogues, the availability of novel technologies for the administration of insulin, like insulin pumps, and, in particular, tools to measure glucose levels, evolving from capillary measurements to continuous glucose monitoring, have revolutionised the way in which people living with diabetes use insulin. Novel insulin concepts, like once-weekly or oral insulin administration, will have to demonstrate safety on the side of hypoglycaemia before they will be able to move into the clinic.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Self-monitoring of blood glucose is associated with an improvement in control of HbA1c, but the information it provides is limited, and people living with diabetes may be unaware of their glucose levels or trends, leading to an increased risk of hypoglycemic events.
“Of note, although self-monitoring of blood glucose is associated with an improvement in control of HbA1c, the information it provides is limited, and people living with diabetes may be unaware of their glucose levels or trends, leading to an increased risk of hypoglycemic events.2-4”
From Importance of FDA-integrated continuous glucose monitors to ensure accuracy of continuous glucose monitoring (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Battelino, T., Danne, T., Bergenstal, R. M., Amiel, S. A., Beck, R., Biester, T., Bosi, E., Buckingham, B. A., Cefalu, W. T., Close, K. L., et al. (2019) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci19-0028 · Cited by 4,032 · see citing works
Self-citationAtkinson, M. A., Eisenbarth, G. S., & Michels, A. W. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60591-7 · Cited by 2,713 · see citing works
Riddle (2003) · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.11.3080 · Cited by 1,479 · see citing works
Davies, M. J., D’Alessio, D. A., Fradkin, J., Kernan, W. N., Mathieu, C., Mingrone, G., Rossing, P., Tsapas, A., Wexler, D. J., & Buse, J. B. (2018) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-018-4729-5 · Cited by 1,455 · see citing works
Self-citationHeise, T., Nosek, L., Rønn, B. B., Endahl, L., Heinemann, L., Kapitza, C., & Draeger, E. (2004) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.53.6.1614 · Cited by 614 · see citing works
Pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 90-year perspective
Zaccardi, F., Webb, D. R., Yates, T. E., & Davies, M. J. (2015) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2015-133281 · Cited by 570 · see citing works
Buse, J. B., Wexler, D. J., Tsapas, A., Rossing, P., Mingrone, G., Mathieu, C., D’Alessio, D. A., & Davies, M. J. (2020) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-019-05039-w · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Self-citationHypoglycaemia in diabetes mellitus: epidemiology and clinical implications
Frier, B. M. (2014) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2014.170 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Ratner, R. E., Hirsch, I. B., Neifing, J. L., Garg, S. K., Mecca, T. E., & Wilson, C. A. (2000) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.23.5.639 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
The International Hypoglycaemia Study Group (2016) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-016-4146-6 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Charleer, S., De Block, C., Van Huffel, L., Broos, B., Fieuws, S., Nobels, F., Mathieu, C., & Gillard, P. (2020) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc19-1610 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Self-citationInsulin analogues in type 1 diabetes mellitus: Getting better all the time
Mathieu, C., Gillard, P., & Benhalima, K. (2017) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2017.39 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Self-citationBlood Glucose Awareness Training (BGAT-2)
Cox, D. J., Gonder-Frederick, L., Polonsky, W., Schlundt, D., Kovatchev, B., & Clarke, W. (2001) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.24.4.637 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Mathieu, C., Hollander, P., Miranda-Palma, B., Cooper, J., Franek, E., Russell-Jones, D., Larsen, J., Tamer, S. C., Bain, S. C., & on behalf of the NN1250-3770 (BEGIN: Flex T1) Trial Investigators (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3249 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Self-citationImpact of hypoglycaemia on quality of life and productivity in type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Davis, R. E., Morrissey, M., Peters, J. R., Wittrup-Jensen, K., Kennedy-Martin, T., & Currie, C. J. (2005) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/030079905x61929 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Once-Weekly Insulin for Type 2 Diabetes without Previous Insulin Treatment
Rosenstock, J., BAJAJ, H. S., Janež, A., Silver, R., Begtrup, K., Hansen, M. V., Jia, T., & Goldenberg, R. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2022474 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Charleer, S., Mathieu, C., Nobels, F., De Block, C., Radermecker, R. P., Hermans, M. P., Taes, Y., Vercammen, C., T'Sjoen, G., Crenier, L., et al. (2018) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2017-02498 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Self-citationChoudhary, P., Ramasamy, S., Green, L., Gallen, G., Pender, S., Brackenridge, A., Amiel, S. A., & Pickup, J. C. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-0939 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Yeoh, E., Choudhary, P., Nwokolo, M., Ayis, S., & Amiel, S. A. (2015) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc15-0102 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Kølendorf, K., Ross, G. P., Pavlic‐Renar, I., Perriello, G., Philotheou, A., JENDLE, J. H., Gall, M., & Heller, S. R. (2006) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01862.x · Cited by 108 · see citing works
New forms of insulin and insulin therapies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes
Cahn, A., Miccoli, R., Dardano, A., & Prato, S. D. (2015) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00097-2 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Heise, T., & Mathieu, C. (2016) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.12782 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationA Psychoeducational Program to Restore Hypoglycemia Awareness: The DAFNE-HART Pilot Study
de Zoysa, N., Rogers, H., Stadler, M., Gianfrancesco, C., Beveridge, S., Britneff, E., Choudhary, P., Elliott, D., Heller, S. R., & Amiel, S. A. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-1245 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Khunti, K., Alsifri, S., Aronson, R., Cigrovski Berković, M., Enters-Weijnen, C., Forsén, T., Galstyan, G., Geelhoed-Duijvestijn, P., Goldfracht, M., Gydesen, H., et al. (2017) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2017.05.004 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Haahr, H. L., & Heise, T. (2019) · Clinical Pharmacokinetics · doi:10.1007/s40262-019-00834-5 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Brod, M. I., Wolden, M. L., Christensen, T., & Bushnell, D. M. (2013) · Value in Health · doi:10.1016/j.jval.2013.09.002 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Owens, D. R., & Bolli, G. B. (2020) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.13963 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Use of fast‐acting insulin aspart in insulin pump therapy in clinical practice
Evans, M. L., Ceriello, A., Danne, T., Block, C. E. M. D., DeVries, J. H., Lind, M., Mathieu, C., Nørgaard, K., Renard, É., & Wilmot, E. G. (2019) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.13798 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationLinnebjerg, H., Zhang, Q., LaBell, E. S., Dellva, M. A., Coutant, D. E., Hövelmann, U., Plum‐Mörschel, L., Herbrand, T., & Leohr, J. K. (2020) · Clinical Pharmacokinetics · doi:10.1007/s40262-020-00903-0 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
A person‐centered education for adolescents with type 1 diabetes—A randomized controlled trial
Brorsson, A. L., Leksell, J. K., Andersson, M., & Olinder, A. L. (2019) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/pedi.12888 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Ehrmann, D., Kulzer, B., Schipfer, M., Lippmann-Grob, B., Haak, T., & Hermanns, N. (2018) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc18-0917 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
How Can a Good Idea Fail? Basal Insulin Peglispro [LY2605541] for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
Muñoz‐Garach, A., Molina‐Vega, M., & Tinahones, F. J. (2016) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-016-0214-7 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Bode, B. W., Garg, S. K., Norwood, P. C., Morales, C., Hardy, T. A., Liu, R., & Ignaut, D. A. (2020) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2020.0224 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Automated Insulin Delivery in Adults
Boughton, C. K., & Hovorka, R. (2019) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2019.10.007 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Mathieu, C., Dandona, P., Birkenfeld, A. L., Hansen, T. K., Iqbal, N., Xu, J., Repetto, E., Scheerer, M. F., THOREN, F. A., & Phillip, M. (2020) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.14144 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationGLP-1 receptor agonists in type 1 diabetes: a MAG1C bullet?
Nauck, M. A., & Meier, J. J. (2020) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(20)30043-7 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Díez‐Fernández, A., Cavero‐Redondo, I., Moreno-Fernández, J., Pozuelo‐Carrascosa, D. P., Garrido‐Miguel, M., & Martínez‐Vizcaíno, V. (2018) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-018-1258-0 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
SGLT inhibitors in type 1 diabetes: weighing efficacy and side effects
Janssens, B., Caerels, S., & Mathieu, C. (2020) · Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1177/2042018820938545 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationLong-Acting Insulin Analogs: A Review of “Real-World” Effectiveness in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Pollock, R. F., Erny-Albrecht, K. M., Kalsekar, A., Bruhn, D. F., & Valentine, W. J. (2011) · Current Diabetes Reviews · doi:10.2174/157339911794273892 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Adjunct therapies in treatment of type 1 diabetes
Goyal, I., Sattar, A., Johnson, M., & Dandona, P. (2020) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/1753-0407.13078 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Kuniß, N., Müller, U., Kloos, C., et al. (2017) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-017-1070-2 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Knudsen, S. T., Lapolla, A., Schultes, B., Tentolouris, N., Catarig, A., Wolden, M. L., & Siegmund, T. (2019) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.13976 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Preumont, V., Buysschaert, M., Beukelaer, S. D., Mathieu, C., & on behalf of the Belgian PREDICTIVE Study Group (2009) · Acta Clinica Belgica · doi:10.1179/acb.2009.009 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationAre newer insulin analogues better for people with Type 1 diabetes?
Misra, S., & Mathieu, C. (2018) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.13891 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationDavid, J., & Fonseca, V. A. (2019) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2019.107473 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Technosphere Inhaled Insulin: Is Faster Better?
Leahy, J. L. (2015) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci15-0002 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Klonoff, D. C., Gabbay, M., Moon, S. J., & Wilmot, E. G. (2025) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/19322968241250357 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mathieu, C.
- Affiliations
- Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Mathieu, Chantal
- ORCID
- Mathieu, Chantal
- Venue
- Diabetologia
- Published
- 2021-01-16
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 978-984
- ISSN
- 0012-186X (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0428
- OpenAlex
- W3124190951
- Cited by
- 16
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 0.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lirias (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- AstraZeneca
- Sanofi
- KU Leuven
- Novo Nordisk
- Merck Sharp and Dohme
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Emergency Medical Services › Patient Safety and Medication Errors
- Keywords
- hypoglycemia, insulin therapy, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, insulin analogues, insulin pump, continuous glucose monitoring, glycemic control, oral insulin, once-weekly insulin, diabetes management
- MeSH terms
- Glycemic Control, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Hypoglycemia, Insulin, Insulin Infusion Systems, Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring, Drug Design, Drug Dosage Calculations
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
