A comparison of the prevalence of islet autoantibodies in children from two countries with differing incidence of diabetes
Open accessAbstract
Aims/hypothesis To examine the prevalence of sub-: clinical islet autoimmunity in children from two countries with a twofold to threefold difference in incidence of childhood Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus.Methods Sera were collected from 2,860 English and 3,053 Lithuanian non-diabetic schoolchildren according to the same protocol. Occult diabetes was excluded by blood glucose measurement. Antibodies to GAD and the protein tyrosine phosphatase IA-2 were measured with standardised radiobinding assays in a single laboratory. Islet cell antibodies and insulin autoantibodies were additionally measured in all samples with GAD and/or IA-2 antibody levels above the 97.5th centile of the English schoolchildren.Results Of Lithuanian schoolchildren 2.7 % had GAD antibodies above the 97.5th centile of the English schoolchildren but only 0.2 % had antibodies to IA-2 above this threshold (p < 0.001). Islet cell and/ or insulin autoantibodies above the 97.5th centile were found in 22 Lithuanian and 16 English schoolchildren and the overall prevalence of two or more antibodies on or above the 97.5th centile was similar [0.7 % (0.5-1.1) vs 0.6 % (0.4-1.0)] in the two cohorts.Conclusion/interpretation The prevalence of multiple antibody markers was similar in the cohorts from the two populations, despite the two to three-fold difference in incidence of diabetes. The unexpectedly high prevalence of subclinical islet autoimmunity suggests that the incidence of diabetes in Lithuania is likely to increase in the near future.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Previously found IA-2A prevalence was 10-fold lower (0.2 versus 2.4%) in 3053 Lithuanian schoolchildren compared with 2860 English schoolchildren of similar age.
“We found previously that the prevalence of autoantibodies to islet antigen‐2 (IA‐2A) was 10‐fold lower (0·2 versus 2·4%) in 3053 schoolchildren from Lithuania, with a diabetes incidence of 7·1 cases per 100 000/year, compared with 2860 schoolchildren of a similar age from the United Kingdom, which at that time had an incidence of 17 cases per 100 000/year [ 2 ].”
From Islet autoantibody profiles associated with higher diabetes risk in Lithuanian compared with English schoolchildren (2020) · cites this paper as [2]
The frequency of IAA, GADA and multiple autoantibodies (mAab, including ICA) was similar in the two groups.
“The frequency of autoantibodies to insulin (IAA), glutamate decarboxylase (GADA) and multiple autoantibodies [mAab, which included islet cell antibodies (ICA)] was similar in the two groups.”
From Islet autoantibody profiles associated with higher diabetes risk in Lithuanian compared with English schoolchildren (2020) · cites this paper as [2]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Bingley, P. J., Bonifacio, E. E., Williams, A. J. K., Genovese, S., Bottazzo, G. F., & Gale, E. A. (1997) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.46.11.1701 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Self-citationVerge, C. F., Stenger, D., Bonifacio, E., Colman, P. G., Pilcher, C., Bingley, P. J., & Eisenbarth, G. S. (1998) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.47.12.1857 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Self-citationBingley, P. J., Christie, M. R., Bonifacio, E. E., Bonfanti, R., Shattock, M., Fonte, M.-T., Bottazzo, G.-F., & Gale, E. A. (1994) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.43.11.1304 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Self-citationQuantification of islet-cell antibodies and prediction of insulin-dependent diabetes
Bonifacio, E. E., Shattock, M., Dean, B. M., Bottazzo, G. F., Bingley, P. J., Gale, E., & Dunger, D. B. (1990) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(90)90013-u · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Self-citationHagopian, W., SANJEEVI, C. B., Kockum, I. S., Landin‐Olsson, M., Karlsen, A. E., Sundkvist, G., Dahlquist, G. G., Palmer, J. P., & Lernmark, Å. (1995) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci117822 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
A Novel Micro-assay for Insulin Autoantibodies
Williams, A. J. K., Bingley, P. J., Bonifacio, E. E., Palmer, J. P., & Gale, E. A. (1997) · Journal of Autoimmunity · doi:10.1006/jaut.1997.0154 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Self-citationIslet autoantibody markers in IDDM: risk assessment strategies yielding high sensitivity
Bonifacio, E. E., Genovese, S., Braghi, S., Bazzigaluppi, E., Lampasona, V., Bingley, P. J., Rogge, L., Pastore, M. R., Bognetti, E., Bottazzo, G. F., et al. (1995) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250050358 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Self-citationBingley, P. J., Bonifacio, E. E., Williams, A. J. K., et al. (1997) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.46.11.1701 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Self-citationBingley, P. J., Christie, M. R., Bonifacio, E. E., et al. (1994) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.43.11.1304 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationWiest-Ladenburger, U., Hartmann, R., Hartmann, U., Berling, K., Böhm, B. O., & Richter, W. (1997) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.46.4.565 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Can Islet Cell Antibodies Predict IDDM in the General Population?
Bingley, P. J., Bonifacio, E. E., Shattock, M., Gillmor, H. A., Sawtell, P., Dunger, D. B., Scott, R. D. M., Bottazzo, G. F., & Gale, E. A. (1993) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.16.1.45 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociation of IA-2 autoantibodies with HLA DR4 phenotypes in IDDM
Genovese, S., Bonfanti, R., Bazzigaluppi, E., Lampasona, V., Benazzi, E., Bosi, E., Chiumello, G., & Bonifacio, E. E. (1996) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf02658510 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Progression to diabetes in relatives with islet autoantibodies. Is it inevitable?
Gardner, S., Gale, E. A. M., Williams, A. J. K., Gillespie, K. M., Lawrence, K. E., Bottazzo, G. F., & Bingley, P. J. (1999) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.22.12.2049 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationAchenbach, P., Bonifacio, E. E., & Ziegler, A. (2005) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-005-0035-y · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Incidence trends in childhood onset IDDM in four countries around the Baltic sea during 1983-1992
Padaiga, Ž., Tuomilehto, J., Karvonen, M., Lounamaa, R., Podar, T., Briģis, Ģ., Kohtam�ki, K., Urbonaitė, B., Reunanen, A., & Tuomilehto‐Wolf, E. (1997) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250050661 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationBo, B., Manfras, B. J., Seißler, J., Schöffling, K., Glück, M., Holzberger, G., Seidl, S., Kühnl, P., Trucco, M., & Scherbaum, W. A. (1991) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.40.11.1435 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Islet cell antibodies in normal French schoolchildren
Lévy‐Marchal, C., Tichet, J., Fajardy, I., Gu, X. F., Dubois, F., & Czernichow, P. (1992) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00400487 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Quality assurance in screening programmes
Gray, J. A., & Austoker, J. (1998) · British Medical Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011742 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Making cervical screening work.
Smith, A., Elkind, A. K., & Eardley, A. (1989) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.298.6689.1662 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Adojaan, B., Knip, M., Vähäsalo, P., Karjalainen, J., Kalits, I., & Åkerblom, H. K. (1996) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.19.12.1452 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Boehm, B. O., Manfras, B., Seissler, J., et al. (1991) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.40.11.1435 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Incidence of Childhood Insulin‐Dependent Diabetes Mellitus in Lithuania 1983‐1988
Grabauskas, V. J., Urbonaitė, B., & Padaiga, Ž. (1991) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1991.tb11934.x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationIncidence trends and seasonality patterns of childhood onset IDDM in Lithuania during 1983-1992
Urbonaitė, B., Padaiga, Ž., Žalinkevičius, R., Gylienė, B. D., Keturakienė, R. M., Liugaitė, V. M., Meškauskienė, M., Kisieliūnienė, R., Minikevičienė, L., Krova, B., et al. (1995) · Lithuanian University of Health Sciences · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationUrbonaitė, B., Padaiga, Ž., & Marčiulionytė, D. (1996) · Lithuanian University of Health Sciences · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Gardner SG, Bingley PJ, Sawtell PA et al. (1997) Rising in- cidence of insulin dependent diabetes in children under 5 years in the Oxford region: time trend analysis. BMJ 315: 713±717
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Arif, S., Tree, T. I. M., Astill, T. P., Tremble, J. M., Bishop, A. J., Dayan, C. M., Roep, B. O., & Peakman, M. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci19585 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
Genome-Wide Association Analysis of Autoantibody Positivity in Type 1 Diabetes Cases
Plagnol, V., Howson, J. M. M., Smyth, D. J., Walker, N. M., Hafler, J. P., Wallace, C., Stevens, H. E., Jackson, L. K., Simmonds, M. J., Bingley, P. J., et al. (2011) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002216 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Self-citationNatural history of type 1 diabetes.
Achenbach, P., Bonifacio, E., Koczwara, K., & Ziegler, A. (2005) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.suppl_2.s25 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Kondrashova, A., Seiskari, T., Ilonen, J., Knip, M., & Hyöty, H. (2012) · Apmis · doi:10.1111/apm.12023 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Spring harvest? Reflections on the rise of type 1 diabetes
Gale, E. A. M. (2005) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-005-0028-z · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationand the ENDIT Screening Group, Williams, A. J. K., Bingley, P. J., Moore, W. P. T., & Gale, E. (2002) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-001-0749-6 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationSadauskait≐-Kuehne, V., Samuelsson, U., Jašinskien≐, E., Padaiga, Ž., Urbonait≐, B., Edenwall, H., & Ludvigsson, J. (2002) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/s0168-8227(01)00328-x · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationSigns of β-Cell Autoimmunity in Nondiabetic Schoolchildren
Kondrashova, A., Viskari, H., Kulmala, P., Romanov, A., Ilonen, J., Hyöty, H., & Knip, M. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-0711 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Arif, S., Tree, T. I. M., Astill, T. P., Tremble, J. M., Bishop, A. J., Dayan, C. M., Roep, B. O., & Peakman, M. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci200419585 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Holmberg, H., Vaarala, O., Sadauskaitė – Kuehne, V., Ilonen, J., Padaiga, Ž., & Ludvigsson, J. (2006) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2005.10.022 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Environmental risk factors in prediction of childhood prediabetes
Skrodenienė, E., Marčiulionytė, D., Padaiga, Ž., Jašinskienė, E., Sadauskaitė‐Kuehne, V., & Ludvigsson, J. (2007) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina44010009 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationLempainen, J., & Ilonen, J. (2012) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-012-0310-7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
β-Cell autoimmunity in overweight non-diabetic youth: any implications?
Libman, I. M., Barinas‐Mitchell, E., Marcovina, S. M., Bacha, F. F., Hannon, T. S., Tfayli, H. M., Lee, S., Bansal, S., Robertson, R. J., & Arslanian, S. (2010) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2010.00697.x · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Quality of care for the woman with diabetes at pregnancy
de Leiva, A., Corcoy, R., de Leiva-Pérez, A., & Brugués, E. (2018) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781315382104-58 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Prevalence and HLA association of GAD65 antibodies in Hungarian schoolchildren
Hermann, R., & Soltész, G. (2002) · Human Immunology · doi:10.1016/s0198-8859(02)00686-9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Holmberg, H., Vaarala, O., Fälth‐Magnusson, K., & Ludvigsson, J. (2003) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1288.041 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Weight gain in children : possible relation to the development of diabetes
Huus, K. (2009) · DiVA (Linkoping University) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Long, A. E., Caygill, C. H., Gillespie, K. M., Marčiulionytė, D., & Williams, A. J. K. (2020) · Clinical and Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1111/cei.13524 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationÉtiopathogénie du diabète de type 1
Simeoni, J. (2006) · Annales d Endocrinologie · doi:10.1016/s0003-4266(06)72558-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Green, A. (2002) · Springer Seminars in Immunopathology · doi:10.1007/s00281-002-0112-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Epidemiology and Risk Markers of Autoimmune Diseases in Russian Karelia and in Finland
Kondrashova, A. (2009) · Tampere University Institutional Repository (Tampere University)
Studies of immunological risk factors in type 1 diabetes
Walldén, J. (2008) · DiVA (Linkoping University)
Importance of environmental risk factors for development of childhood pre-diabetes in Lithuania
Skrodenienė, E., Marčiulionytė, D., Padaiga, Ž., Jašinskienė, E., & Sadauskaitė‐Kuehne, V. (2005) · Lithuanian University of Health Sciences
Self-citationAutoantibodies as markers of beta-cell autoimmunity in children
Holmberg, H. (2006) · DiVA (Linkoping University)
Ilonen, J., Knip, M., & Vaarala, O. (2015) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1586/17446651.2015.955474
Porte, D. (2001) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/1520-7560(200105/06)17:3
Quality of care for the woman with diabetes in pregnancy
de Leiva, A., Corcoy, R., & Brugués, E. (2008) · Series in maternal-fetal medicine · doi:10.3109/9781439802007.053
- Authors
- Marčiulionytė, D., Williams, A. J. K., Bingley, P. J., Urbonaitė, B., & Gale, E. A. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Bristol (GB)
- ORCID
- Williams, A. J. K.
- Venue
- Diabetologia
- Published
- 2001-01-10
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 16-21
- ISSN
- 0012-186X (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0428
- OpenAlex
- W2158349258
- Cited by
- 27
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2020: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 1.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Diabetologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (publishedVersion)
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences (submittedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Keywords
- islet autoantibodies, type 1 diabetes, pediatric diabetes, glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies, IA-2 autoantibodies, islet cell antibodies, insulin autoantibodies, prevalence, diabetes incidence, cross-population comparison, Lithuanian children, English children
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Autoantibodies, Child, Child, Preschool, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Female, Glutamate Decarboxylase, United Kingdom, Humans, Islets of Langerhans, Lithuania, Male
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
