Signs of β-Cell Autoimmunity in Nondiabetic Schoolchildren
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE—We sought to study the prevalence of autoantibodies to various islet cell antigens in the background population of two neighboring countries with a sixfold difference in the incidence of type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Serum samples were obtained from 3,652 nondiabetic schoolchildren in Finland and from 1,988 schoolchildren in the adjacent Karelian Republic of Russia. The Karelian children were divided into three groups (Finns/Karelians, Russians, and others) based on the ethnic background of their mother. The samples were analyzed for islet cell antibodies (ICAs), insulin autoantibodies (IAAs), GAD antibodies (GADAs), and the tyrosine phosphatase-like insulinoma antigen 2 (IA-2A) protein and HLA class II genotypes. RESULTS—The frequency of ICAs, IAAs, and GADAs did not differ significantly between the Karelian (3.5, 0.6, and 0.9%, respectively) and Finnish children (2.8, 0.9, and 0.5%, respectively). Similarly, the frequency of multiple (≥2) autoantibodies was similar in both countries (0.5 vs. 0.6%). The frequency of IA-2A was, however, four times higher in Finland (0.6 vs. 0.15% in Russian Karelia; P = 0.03). There were no significant differences in autoantibody prevalence among the three ethnic groups in Russian Karelia. There was a falling frequency of GADAs and of positivity for multiple autoantibodies along with decreasing HLA-conferred disease susceptibility among the Finnish schoolchildren. CONCLUSIONS—These data indicate that β-cell autoimmunity among schoolchildren is as frequent in Russian Karelia as in Finland, although the incidence of clinical type 1 diabetes is six times higher in Finland. However, in contrast to this general trend, IA-2As were more common in Finland. Since IA-2As usually appear late in the preclinical process, this suggests that progressive β-cell autoimmunity is more rare in Russian Karelia.
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A later study comparing Finland and Russian Karelia found increased IA-2A prevalence in schoolchildren from the population with higher incidence.
“A later study comparing islet autoantibody prevalence in schoolchildren with similar ethnic origins (Finland and Russian Karelia), but different incidences of type 1 diabetes, also found an increased IA‐2A prevalence in schoolchildren from the population with a higher incidence [ 4 ].”
From Islet autoantibody profiles associated with higher diabetes risk in Lithuanian compared with English schoolchildren (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
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- Authors
- Kondrashova, A., Viskari, H., Kulmala, P., Romanov, A., Ilonen, J., Hyöty, H., & Knip, M.
- Affiliations
- Tampere University (FI)
- University of Oulu (FI)
- Petrozavodsk State University (RU)
- University of Turku (FI)
- Department of Virology, University of Tampere Medical School, Tampere, Finland
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2007-01-01
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 95-100
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- OpenAlex
- W2075480245
- Cited by
- 58
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 2.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission
- Academy of Finland
- Novo Nordisk
- Tampereen Yliopisto
- Turun Yliopisto
- Tartu Ülikool
- Novo Nordisk Fonden
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Keywords
- islet autoimmunity, type 1 diabetes, islet autoantibodies, insulin autoantibodies, glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies, IA-2 autoantibodies, HLA class II, multiple autoantibodies, ethnic differences, Finnish children, Russian Karelia, type 1 diabetes incidence, preclinical autoimmunity
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Ethnicity, Female, Finland, Humans, Male, Reference Values, Russia, Autoimmunity, Incidence, Insulin-Secreting Cells
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