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The epidemiology of depersonalisation and derealisation
Abstract
Background Symptoms of depersonalisation (DP) and derealisation (DR) are increasingly recognised in both clinical and non-clinical settings, but their importance and underlying pathophysiology is only now being addressed.Methods This paper is a systematic review of the current state of knowledge about the prevalence of depersonalisation and derealisation using computerised databases and citation searches. All potential studies were examined and numerical data included. Three categories of study are reviewed: questionnaire and interview surveys of selected student and non-clinical samples; population-based community surveys using standardised diagnostic interviews; and clinical surveys of depersonalisation/derealisation symptoms occurring within inpatients with psychiatric disorders. In addition, we present newly analysed data of the prevalence of depersonalisation/derealisation from five large population-based studies.Results Epidemiological surveys demonstrate that transient symptoms of depersonalisation/derealisation in the general population are common, with a lifetime prevalence rate of between 26 and 74% and between 31 and 66% at the time of a traumatic event. Community surveys employing standardised diagnostic interviews reveal rates of between 1.2 and 1.7 % for one month prevalence in a UK sample and a 2.4% current prevalence rate in a Canadian sample. Current prevalence rates in samples of consecutive inpatient admissions are reported between 1 and 16%, although screening measures employed may have resulted in these being an underestimate. Prevalence rates in clinical samples of specific psychiatric disorders vary between 30% of war veterans with PTSD and 60% of those with unipolar depression. There is a high prevalence within panic disorder with rates varying from 7.8 to 82.6%.Discussion DP and DR symptoms are common in normal and psychiatric populations, but prevalence estimates are hampered by inconsistent definitions and the use of variable time-frames. Population-based surveys using diagnostic interviews yield prevalence rates of clinically significant DP/DR in the region of 1-2%. Surveys of clinical populations in which common screening and assessment instruments were used also yield consistently high prevalence rates. The use of reliable diagnostic assessments and rating scales is needed. The relationship between DP/DR and certain other psychiatric disorders (e. g. panic) suggests possible common pathophysiological or aetiological factors.
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“Epidemiological studies suggest lifetime prevalence rates of transient depersonalisation symptoms in the general population of between 26 and 74 % [11].”
From A brief CBT intervention for depersonalisation/derealisation in psychosis: Study protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial (2016) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Community surveys examining the prevalence of DPD specifically, using standardised diagnostic criteria, suggest 1 month prevalence rates of between 1.2 and 2.4 %, and rates as high as 82.6 % have been reported comorbid with other psychiatric disorders [11].”
From A brief CBT intervention for depersonalisation/derealisation in psychosis: Study protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial (2016) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Community surveys examining the prevalence of DPD specifically, using standardised diagnostic criteria, suggest 1 month prevalence rates of between 1.2 and 2.4 %, and rates as high as 82.6 % have been reported comorbid with other psychiatric disorders [11].”
From A brief CBT intervention for depersonalisation/derealisation in psychosis: Study protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial (2016) · cites this paper as [11]
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Depersonalization affects self-prioritization of bodily, but not abstract self-related informationPreprint
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Ferroni, F., Arcuri, E., Ardizzi, M., Chinchella, N., D, V. G. M., & Ciaunica, A. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/t8h6a · Cited by 5
Carraturo, F., Santonicola, R., & Cella, S. (2025) · Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026251365927 · Cited by 4
Lifting the veil: probing altered visual perception in derealization
Kusztor, A., Mulay, N. N., Yamada, M., Hohwy, J., & Tsuchiya, N. (2025) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/niaf045 · Cited by 4
Salami, A., Andreu-Pérez, J., & Gillmeister, H. (2024) · Artificial Intelligence in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.artmed.2023.102755 · Cited by 4
“As a result, individuals may experience temporary emotional numbing, disembodiment, out-of-body experiences, or a sense of unreality about the outside world [5].”
White matter correlates of dissociation in a diverse sample of trauma-exposed women
Kondas, A., McDermott, T. J., Ahluwalia, V., Haller, O. C., Karkare, M. C., Guelfo, A., Daube, A., Bradley, B., Powers, A. D., Stevens, J. S., et al. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116231 · Cited by 4
It Is Movement All the Way Down: Broken Rhythms and Embodied Selfhood in Depersonalization
Alekseeva, V., & Ciaunica, A. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15081090 · Cited by 4
“The prevalence of transient episodes of depersonalization is between 34 and 70% in the general population (Hunter et al., 2004).”
Depersonalisation und Derealisation: Grundlagen und kognitiv-behaviorale Perspektive
Heidenreich, T., Michalak, J., & Michal, M. (2006) · Verhaltenstherapie · doi:10.1159/000095903 · Cited by 4
Is There a Dissociative Subtype of Generalized Social Phobia?
(2014) · African Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4172/psychiatry.1000168 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Sierra, M., David, A. S., & Hunter, E. C. M.
- Corresponding author
- David, A. S.
- Venue
- Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
- Published
- 2004-01-01
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 9-18
- ISSN
- 0933-7954 (ISSN-L)
- 1433-9285
- OpenAlex
- W110894270
- Cited by
- 316
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 6.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Syncope and Autonomic Disorders
- Keywords
- depersonalization, derealization, prevalence, lifetime prevalence, mental illness, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, war veterans, psychiatric inpatients, community prevalence, diagnostic assessment
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Mental Disorders, Depersonalization, Dissociative Disorders, Hospitalization, Hospitals, Psychiatric, Humans, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Prevalence, Panic Disorder
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