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Cited by 132Sexual Assault and Victimization StudiesPosttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchChild Abuse and Trauma

Prevalence and risk of psychiatric disorders as a function of variant rape histories: results from a national survey of women

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Zinzow, Heidi M., Resnick, Heidi S., McCauley, Jenna L., Amstadter, Ananda B., Ruggiero, Kenneth J., Kilpatrick, Dean G.·2012·Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
DOI 10.1007/s00127-011-0397-1PMC PMC4096823
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Abstract

Purpose Rape is an established risk factor for mental health disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive episodes (MDE), and substance use disorders. The majority of studies have not differentiated substance-involved rape or examined comorbid diagnoses among victims. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of common trauma-related psychiatric disorders (and their comorbidity) in a national sample of women, with an emphasis on distinguishing between rape tactics. A secondary objective was to estimate the risk for psychiatric disorders among victims of variant rape tactics, in comparison to non-victims. Methods A nationally representative population-based sample of 3,001 non-institutionalized, civilian, English or Spanish speaking women (aged 18-86 years) participated in a structured telephone interview assessing rape history and DSM-IV criteria for PTSD, MDE, alcohol abuse (AA), and drug abuse (DA). Descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed. Results Women with rape histories involving both substance facilitation and forcible tactics reported the highest current prevalence of PTSD (36%), MDE (36%), and AA (20%). Multivariate models demonstrated that this victim group was also at highest risk for psychiatric disorders, after controlling for demographics and childhood and multiple victimization history. Women with substance-facilitated rapes reported higher prevalence of substance abuse in comparison to women with forcible rape histories. Comorbidity between PTSD and other psychiatric disorders was higher among rape victims in comparison to non-rape victims. Conclusions Researchers and clinicians should assess substance-facilitated rape tactics and attend to comorbidity among rape victims. Empirically supported treatments are needed to address the complex presentations observed among women with variant rape histories.

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  • 12-25% of sexual assault survivors meet criteria for current PTSD.

    “Studies assessing PTSD in relation to any trauma exposure (not necessarily due to sexual assault) indicate that 36% of sexual assault survivors meet criteria for lifetime PTSD (Dworkin, 2020) and 12-25% meet criteria for current PTSD (Kilpatrick et al., 2007; Resnick et al., 1993; Zinzow et al., 2012).”

    From PTSD in the Year Following Sexual Assault: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies (2023) · cites this paper as Zinzow et al., 2012

    The Results > Current diagnoses section reports current PTSD in approximately 16% of women with drug- or alcohol-facilitated/incapacitated rape histories and 21% of women with forcible rape histories, both within the cited range. But the paper also reports 36% among women whose rape histories involved both tactics, so 12–25% does not cover all the survivor groups it studied. The study concerns women with adult rape histories, rather than sexual assault survivors generally. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Cross-sectional studies show 12-25% of survivors meet criteria for current PTSD at any given time.

    “cross-sectional studies that show 12-25% of survivors meet criteria for current PTSD at any given time (Kilpatrick et al., 2007; Resnick et al., 1993; Zinzow et al., 2012).”

    From PTSD in the Year Following Sexual Assault: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies (2023) · cites this paper as Zinzow et al., 2012

    The Results > Current diagnoses section reports current PTSD in approximately 16% of substance-facilitated rape victims and 21% of forcible rape victims, within the claimed range. But the Abstract > Results reports 36% among women whose rapes involved both tactics, so 12–25% does not cover all survivor groups in this study. The Method > Measures section defines “current” as the past six months, rather than PTSD at a single point in time; page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

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Research works printed but not linked: 14

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  9. [20]Testa M Livingston JA Vanzile-Tamsen C Frone MR 2003 The role of women’s substance use in vulnerability to forcible and incapacitated rape J Stud Alcohol 64 756 764 14743937
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  11. [23]Ruggiero KJ Smith DW Hanson RF Resnick HS Saunders BE Kilpatrick DG Best CL 2004 Is disclosure of childhood rape associated with mental health outcome? Results from the National Women’s Study Child Maltreatment 9 1 62 77 14870998
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Authors
Zinzow, H. M., Resnick, H. S., McCauley, J. L., Amstadter, A. B., Ruggiero, K. J., & Kilpatrick, D. G.
Affiliations
  • Clemson University (US)
  • Medical University of South Carolina (US)
Corresponding author
Zinzow, Heidi M.
ORCID
Venue
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2011-05-21
Volume
47
Issue
6
Pages
893-902
ISSN
  • 0933-7954 (ISSN-L)
  • 1433-9285
DOI
10.1007/s00127-011-0397-1
PMC
PMC4096823
OpenAlex
W2092034562
Cited by
132
References
5
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 6
FWCI
16.52
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations
  • Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • Medical University of South Carolina
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA023099)
  • National Institute of Justice
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Keywords
rape, sexual assault, forcible rape, post-traumatic stress disorder, major depressive episode, alcohol abuse, drug abuse, substance use disorders, psychiatric comorbidity, women, prevalence, risk factors
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Middle Aged, Rape, Risk Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, United States, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Substance-Related Disorders

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