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Cited by 83Sexual Assault and Victimization StudiesIntimate Partner and Family ViolencePosttraumatic Stress Disorder Research

Drug- or Alcohol-Facilitated, Incapacitated, and Forcible Rape in Relationship to Mental Health Among a National Sample of Women

Open access
Zinzow, Heidi M., Resnick, Heidi S., Amstadter, Ananda B., McCauley, Jenna L., Ruggiero, Kenneth J., Kilpatrick, Dean G.·2010·Journal of Interpersonal Violence
DOI 10.1177/0886260509354887PMC PMC2967593
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Abstract

Rape is a well-established risk factor for mental health disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. However, most studies have focused on forcible rape tactics and have not distinguished these from tactics that involve drug or alcohol intoxication. The authors’ aim was to examine correlates of PTSD and depression in a community sample of women, with particular emphasis on evaluating the unique effects of lifetime exposure to three specific rape tactics. A nationally representative sample of 3,001 noninstitutionalized, civilian, English- or Spanish-speaking women (aged 18-86 years) participated in a structured telephone interview by use of Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI) technology. Multivariable models showed that history of drug or alcohol-facilitated rape tactics (OR = 1.87, p < .05) and history of forcible rape tactics (OR = 3.46, p < .001) were associated with PTSD. History of forcible rape was associated with depression (OR = 3.65, p < .001). Forcible rape tactics were associated with a number of factors that may have contributed to their stronger association with mental health outcomes, including force, injury, lower income, revictimization history, and labeling the event as rape. The results underscore the importance of using a behaviorally specific assessment of rape history, as rape tactic and multiple rape history differentially predicted psychopathology outcomes. The association between drug- or alcohol-facilitated rape tactics and PTSD suggests that these are important rape tactics to include in assessments and future studies.

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Crossref · 10.1177/0886260509354887

Cites

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  • Missing memory can be distressing due to concerns about what occurred during the time victims cannot remember, what someone was doing to their body, or shame about what they themselves did given the disinhibiting effects of substances.

    “Missing memory can be distressing due to concerns about what occurred during the time victims cannot remember, what someone was doing to their body, or shame about what they themselves did given the disinhibiting effects of substances (Zinzow et al., 2010).”

    From Drug-facilitated sexual assault, impaired trauma memory, and implications for mental health treatment (2022) · cites this paper as Zinzow et al., 2010

    The Discussion (page not provided) says memory deficits may be disturbing because victims of incapacitated or drug- or alcohol-facilitated rape know that parts of the assault may have occurred outside their awareness. It does not specifically discuss distress about what someone did to their body, or shame about their own behavior due to substances’ disinhibiting effects. (LLM, conf=0.86)

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  • Of the three assault types, only NDFSA predicted major depression.

    “and that of the three assault types, only NDFSA predicted major depression.”

    From Drug-facilitated sexual assault, impaired trauma memory, and implications for mental health treatment (2022) · cites this paper as Zinzow et al. (2010)

    The Results (MDE; page not provided) report that, among the three rape tactics studied, only forcible rape (FR) was associated with increased risk of major depressive episode. The paper does not identify FR as “NDFSA” or analyze a category by that name, so the claim’s specific label is not established by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Zinzow et al. (2010) found a greater likelihood of PTSD for DFSA-I and NDFSA compared to DFSA-V.

    “In a national retrospective survey of 3001 women, Zinzow et al. (2010) found a greater likelihood of PTSD for DFSA-I and non-drug-facilitated assaults (NDFSA) compared to DFSA-V (voluntary substance ingestion)”

    From Drug-facilitated sexual assault, impaired trauma memory, and implications for mental health treatment (2022) · cites this paper as Zinzow et al. (2010)

    The Results > PTSD passage reports significantly higher PTSD risk for forcible rape (FR, corresponding to NDFSA) than for incapacitated rape (IR, corresponding to DFSA-V). Drug- or alcohol-facilitated rape (DAFR, corresponding to DFSA-I) was associated with PTSD relative to no DAFR history, but its odds ratio did not significantly differ from IR. The paper therefore does not establish the claimed DFSA-I versus DFSA-V comparison. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Zinzow et al. (2010) found that impaired memory of a SA was associated with increased lifetime PTSD risk.

    “In their large national retrospective survey, Zinzow et al. (2010) found that impaired memory of a SA was associated with increased lifetime PTSD risk.”

    From Drug-facilitated sexual assault, impaired trauma memory, and implications for mental health treatment (2022) · cites this paper as Zinzow et al. (2010)

  • Zinzow et al.'s (2010) SA study had a retrospective timeframe as opposed to the present acute SA sample.

    “Zinzow et al.’s (2010) SA study had a retrospective timeframe as opposed to our acute SA sample.”

    From Drug-facilitated sexual assault, impaired trauma memory, and implications for mental health treatment (2022) · cites this paper as Zinzow et al., 2010

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Cites

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Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. McCauley JL Ruggiero KJ Resnick HS Conoscenti LM Kilpatrick DG Substance abuse among college women as a function of rape experiences: Results from a national study of college women Addictive Behaviors (in press) 19162407

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Authors
Zinzow, H. M., Resnick, H. S., Amstadter, A. B., McCauley, J. L., Ruggiero, K. J., & Kilpatrick, D. G.
Affiliations
  • Clemson University (US)
  • Medical University of South Carolina (US)
Corresponding author
Zinzow, Heidi M.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Interpersonal Violence
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2010-01-25
Volume
25
Issue
12
Pages
2217-2236
ISSN
  • 0886-2605 (ISSN-L)
  • 1552-6518
DOI
10.1177/0886260509354887
PMC
PMC2967593
OpenAlex
W2100407827
Cited by
81
References
34
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 5
FWCI
12.40
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations
  • Journal of Interpersonal Violence (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Mental Health (F32MH083469, T32MH018869)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
  • Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Keywords
forcible rape, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, women's mental health, revictimization, sexual violence
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alcohol Drinking, Alcoholic Intoxication, Data Collection, Depression, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Rape, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, United States, Young Adult

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