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Understanding the carbon dioxide gaps

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Optimal target in septic shock resuscitation

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Elevated Venous to Arterial Carbon Dioxide Gap and Anion Gap Are Associated with Poor Outcome in Cardiogenic Shock Requiring Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Support

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Central venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide difference and the effect of venous hyperoxia: A limiting factor, or an additional marker of severity in shock?

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Comparison of the venous–arterial CO2 to arterial–venous O2 content difference ratio with the venous–arterial CO2 gradient for the predictability of adverse outcomes after cardiac surgery

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Persistent hyperlactatemia-high central venous-arterial carbon dioxide to arterial-venous oxygen content ratio is associated with poor outcomes in early resuscitation of septic shock

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Microcirculatory perfusion shows wide inter-individual variation and is important in determining shock reversal during resuscitation in a porcine experimental model of complex traumatic hemorrhagic shock

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Venous-to-arterial pCO2 difference in high-risk surgical patients

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Effects of short-term hyperoxia on sytemic hemodynamics, oxygen transport, and microcirculation: An observational study in patients with septic shock and healthy volunteers

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Cardiovascular effects of dose escalating of norepinephrine in healthy dogs anesthetized with isoflurane

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Venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide difference in the resuscitation of patients with severe sepsis and septic shock: A systematic review

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Central venous minus arterial carbon dioxide pressure to arterial minus central venous oxygen content ratio as an indicator of tissue oxygenation: a narrative review

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Renal Resistive Index on Intensive Care Unit Admission Correlates With Tissue Hypoperfusion Indices and Predicts Clinical Outcome

Fotopoulou, G., Poularas, I., Kokkoris, S., Charitidou, E., Boletis, I. N., Brountzos, Ε., Benetos, A., Zakynthinos, S. G., & Routsi, C. (2021) · Shock · doi:10.1097/shk.0000000000001896 · Cited by 12

Hypoxia-related parameters during septic shock resuscitation: Pathophysiological determinants and potential clinical implications

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Venous Minus Arterial Carbon Dioxide Gradients in the Monitoring of Tissue Perfusion and Oxygenation: A Narrative Review

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ΔPCO2 and ΔPCO2/C(a−cv)O2 Are Not Predictive of Organ Dysfunction After Cardiopulmonary Bypass

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Monitoring Macro- and Microcirculation in the Critically Ill: A Narrative Review

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Characteristics of sublingual microcirculatory changes during the early postoperative period following cardiopulmonary bypass-assisted cardiac surgery—a prospective cohort study

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Regional venous–arterial CO2 to arterial–venous O2 content difference ratio in experimental circulatory shock and hypoxia

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Use of CO2-Derived Variables in Cardiac Intensive Care Unit: Pathophysiology and Clinical Implications

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Utility of venous‐to‐arterial carbon dioxide changes to arteriovenous oxygen content ratios in the prognosis of severe sepsis and septic shock: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

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Venous-arterial CO2 to arterial-venous O2 differences: A physiological meaning debate

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The Ability of Carbon Dioxide–Derived Indices to Predict Adverse Outcome After Cardiac Surgery

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Hemodynamic monitoring with two blood gases: “a tool that does not go out of style”

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Venous–arterial CO2 difference in children with sepsis and its correlation with myocardial dysfunction

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Comparação da proporção entre pressão venosa central menos arterial de dióxido de carbono e conteúdo de oxigênio arterial menos venoso central e níveis de lactato como preditores de mortalidade em pacientes críticos: uma revisão sistemática e metanálise

Dubín, A., Loudet, C., Hurtado, F. J., Pozo, M. O., Comandé, D., Gibbons, L., Cairoli, F. R., & Bardach, A. (2022) · Revista Brasileira de Terapia Intensiva · doi:10.5935/0103-507x.20220026-pt · Cited by 4

Prospective, observational study of carbon dioxide gaps and free energy change and their association with fluid therapy following cardiac surgery

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The Role of Venous Blood Gas Analysis in Critical Care: A Narrative Review

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Acid-base imbalance: a review with proposed unified diagnostic algorithm

Correa-Guerrero, J., Rico-Fontalvo, J. E., Daza-Arnedo, R., Abuabara-Franco, E., Pájaro-Galvis, N., Cardona-Blanco, M., Martínez, V. L., Robles, M. C. M., Herrera, J. P., Lambis, M. B., et al. (2020) · Revista Colombiana de Nefrología · doi:10.22265/acnef.7.2.497 · Cited by 2

Trends and Challenges in Noninvasive Hemodynamic Monitoring of Neonates Following Cardiac Surgery: A Narrative Review

Nedelcu, C., Ionescu, N. S., Bizubac, A. M., Filip, C., & Cirstoveanu, C. (2025) · Life · doi:10.3390/life15101621 · Cited by 2

Paramètres dérivés du CO2 pour évaluer l’état hémodynamique chez le malade de réanimation

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MORTALITY OF SEPTIC SHOCK SECONDARY TO PEDIATRIC PRIMARY PERITONITIS PREDICTED BY RESPIRATORY QUOTIENT COMBINED WITH LACTATE: A SURVEY FROM TWO CHILDREN’S HOSPITALS IN NORTHWEST CHINA

Wang, W., Lv, Z., Zhang, H., Wang, Y., Zhou, Y., Guo, Z., Li, J., Ma, L., Yao, D., Zhang, T., et al. (2025) · Shock · doi:10.1097/shk.0000000000002559 · Cited by 1

Optic nerve sheath diameter and Pcv-aCO2/Ca-cvO2 for predicting outcomes in traumatic brain injury patients during prehospital care: a prospective cohort study in China

Jiang, H., Wang, H., Xie, Z., & Yang, L. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-101977 · Cited by 1

Prediction of cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury in cyanotic congenital heart disease

Fujishiro, K., Kashiwa, K., Inokuchi, R., Asada, T., Wada, T., Kurosawa, H., Asakura, H., HIDA, M., Kubo, H., Hirata, Y., et al. (2026) · Perfusion · doi:10.1177/02676591261424366 · Cited by 1

Impact of PCO2 gap protocol application on early postoperative mortality and organ failure in high risk surgical patients undergoing major abdominal surgeries

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Utility of lactate, central venous oxygen saturation, and the difference in venous and arterial CO2partial pressures (delta pCO2) levels in quantifying microcirculatory failure

Aygüler, E., Gençay, A. G., & Demirkol, D. (2023) · JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC CRITICAL CARE · doi:10.4103/jpcc.jpcc_28_22 · Cited by 1

Response to the letter: Poor agreement in the calculation of venoarterial PCO2 to arteriovenous O2 content difference ratio using central and mixed venous blood samples in septic patients.

Dubín, A., & Pozo, M. O. (2019) · Journal of Critical Care · doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2019.09.007

Evaluación hemodinámica en escenarios con recursos limitados

Zamora-Gómez, S. E., Toledo-Rivera, M. A., Gorordo-Delsol, L. A., Amezcua-Gutiérrez, M. A., Montoya-Rojo, J. O., & Lima-Lucero, I. M. (2019) · Revista de Educaci�n e Investigaci�n en Emergencias · doi:10.24875/reie.19000028

Nutrición enteral (temprana) y estado hemodinámico en el paciente críticamente enfermo: ¿Qué debe saber el clínico de soporte nutricional?

Martín, C. A. G., Zepeda, E. M., & Pérez‐Nieto, O. R. (2018) · Revista de Nutrición Clínica y Metabolismo · doi:10.35454/rncm.v1n1.077

Relación entre el índice gradiente dióxido de carbono/gradiente arteriovenoso de oxígeno y lactato en el choque séptico por neumonía

Ulloa, W. A. T., Paredes, J. E. C., & Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, E. D. P. T. (2020) · Horizonte Médico (Lima) · doi:10.24265/horizmed.2020.v20n2.04

Lactate

Castro, R., Carpio, D., & Glenn Hernández, P. (2019) · Lessons from the ICU · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69269-2_17

Utilidad de la gasometría en el retiro de la ventilación mecánica

Pérez‐Nieto, O. R., Vera, J. E. B., Moguel, K. G. P., Díaz, J. S. S., García, I. J. V., & Gutiérrez, M. A. G. (2022) · Revista Chilena de Anestesia · doi:10.25237/revchilanestv5110051453 · Cited by 2

P(v-a)CO 2 /C(a-v)O 2 as a red blood cell transfusion trigger and prognostic indicator for sepsis-related anaemia: protocol for a prospective cohort study

Gu, W., Kong, Y.-J., Li, Y., & Wang, C. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059454 · Cited by 2

Saturación Venosa Central y gradiente venosa-arterial de dióxido de carbono como predictor de mortalidad en choque séptico

Gonzabay-Campos, H. E., Puerta, A. N. M., & Tapia, J. E. H. (2023) · doi:10.36015/cambios.v22.n1.2023.902

Revista Médico Científica CAMbios.v22.n1.2023

(2023) · doi:10.36015/cambios.v22.n1.2023

A Multi-Center Randomized Controlled Study Using ΔPCO2/Ca-vO2 as the Target to Guide Early Tissue Hypoperfusion in Sepsis in Plateau Areas

Zhang, L., Zhang, F., Bai, H., Yun, H., Zheng, Z., Liu, S., Shenghua, A., Shi, Z., & Hu, Y. (2024) · Journal of Clinical and Nursing Research · doi:10.26689/jcnr.v8i1.5944

Navigating the Complex Terrain of Cardiogenic Shock

Sarraf, M., & Nagaraja, V. (2025) · Heart Lung and Circulation · doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2025.04.077

Combinación del cociente diferencia veno-arterial de dióxido de carbono / diferencia arteriovenosa de oxígeno (Pv-aCO2/Ca-VO2) y lactato como predictor de mortalidad en pacientes con choque séptico

Estupiñán, J. H. L., Mora, D. A. G., Caicedo, D. L. L., & Sierra-Hincapié, G. M. (2025) · Acta Colombiana de Cuidado Intensivo · doi:10.1016/j.acci.2025.08.009

Additional file 1 of Regional venous–arterial CO2 to arterial–venous O2 content difference ratio in experimental circulatory shock and hypoxia

Corrêa, T. D., Pereira, A. J., Takala, J., & Jakob, S. M. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13167384

Additional file 1 of Effects of capillary refill time-vs. lactate-targeted fluid resuscitation on regional, microcirculatory and hypoxia-related perfusion parameters in septic shock: a randomized controlled trial

Castro, R., Kattan, E., Ferri, G., Pairumani, R., Valenzuela, E. D., Alegría, L., Oviedo, V., Pavez, N., Soto, D., Vera, M., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13181568

Additional file 2 of Effects of capillary refill time-vs. lactate-targeted fluid resuscitation on regional, microcirculatory and hypoxia-related perfusion parameters in septic shock: a randomized controlled trial

Castro, R., Kattan, E., Ferri, G., Pairumani, R., Valenzuela, E. D., Alegría, L., Oviedo, V., Pavez, N., Soto, D., Vera, M., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13181571

Renal Resistive Index (RRI) Measured in Critically Ill Patients on Mechanical Ventilation Admitted to Intensive Care: Is It a Marker of Tissue Perfusion?

Kılıç, İ., & Özsoy, H. G. T. (2026) · Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.32708/uutfd.1945137

PcvCO2−PaCO2/CaO2−CcvO2 Ratio: The Holy Grail in Resuscitation!

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