Molecular identification and evolution of the cyclic peptide hepatotoxins, microcystin and nodularin, synthetase genes in three orders of cyanobacteria
Abstract
The cyanobacterial hepatotoxins, microcystin and nodularin, are produced by a wide range of cyanobacteria. Microcystin production has been reported in the four cyanobacterial orders: Oscillatoriales, Chroococcales, Stigonematales, and Nostocales. The production of nodularin is a distinct characteristic of the Nostocales genus Nodularia. A single rapid method is needed to reliably detect cyanobacteria that are potentially capable of producing these hepatotoxins. To this end, a PCR was designed to detect all potential microcystin and nodularin-producing cyanobacteria from laboratory cultures as well as in harmful algal blooms. The aminotransferase (AMT) domain, which is located on the modules mcyE and ndaF of the microcystin and nodularin synthetase enzyme complexes, respectively, was chosen as the target sequence because of its essential function in the synthesis of all microcystins as well as nodularins. Using the described PCR, it was possible to amplify a 472 bp PCR product from the AMT domains of all tested hepatotoxic species and bloom samples. Sequence data provided further insight into the evolution of the microcystin and nodularin synthetases through bioinformatic analyses of the AMT in microcystin and nodularin synthetases, with congruence between the evolution of 16S rRNA and the AMT domain.
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Microcystins are hepatocyclic peptides with a C20 amino acid chain, which determines the degree of toxicity.
“The microcystins are hepatocyclic peptides with a C20 amino acid chain, which determines the degree of toxicity [206].”
From The promising future of microalgae: Current status, challenges, and optimization of a sustainable and renewable industry for biofuels, feed, and other products (2018) · cites this paper as [206]
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- Authors
- Jungblut, A.-D., & Neilan, B. A.
- Affiliations
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Neilan, Brett A.
- ORCID
- Neilan, Brett A.
- Venue
- Archives of Microbiology
- Published
- 2006-01-10
- Volume
- 185
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 107-114
- ISSN
- 0003-9276 (ISSN-L)
- 0302-8933
- 1432-072X
- OpenAlex
- W2053104983
- Cited by
- 229
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 7.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Archives of Microbiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Australian Research Council
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Aquatic Ecosystems and Phytoplankton Dynamics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Microbial Natural Products and Biosynthesis
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Biocrusts and Microbial Ecology
- Keywords
- microcystins, nodularin, cyanobacterial hepatotoxins, Nodularia, harmful algal blooms, cyanobacterial evolution, Oscillatoriales, Chroococcales, Stigonematales, Nostocales
- MeSH terms
- Cyanobacteria, Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Toxins, Base Sequence, DNA, Bacterial, Molecular Sequence Data, Peptide Synthases, Peptides, Cyclic, Phylogeny, Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Evolution, Molecular, Microcystins
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