Cited by 529Schizophrenia research and treatmentNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorNeuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research

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Realistic expectations of prepulse inhibition in translational models for schizophrenia research

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Swerdlow, Neal R., Weber, Martin, Qu, Ying, Light, Gregory A., Braff, David L.·2008·Psychopharmacology

DOI 10.1007/s00213-008-1072-4PMC PMC2771731

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Abstract

Introduction Under specific conditions, a weak lead stimulus, or "prepulse", can inhibit the startling effects of a subsequent intense abrupt stimulus. This startle-inhibiting effect of the prepulse, termed "prepulse inhibition" (PPI), is widely used in translational models to understand the biology of brainbased inhibitory mechanisms and their deficiency in neuropsychiatric disorders. In 1981, four published reports with "prepulse inhibition" as an index term were listed on Medline; over the past 5 years, new published Medline reports with "prepulse inhibition" as an index term have appeared at a rate exceeding once every 2.7 days (n=678). Most of these reports focus on the use of PPI in translational models of impaired sensorimotor gating in schizophrenia. This rapid expansion and broad application of PPI as a tool for understanding schizophrenia has, at times, outpaced critical thinking and falsifiable hypotheses about the relative strengths vs. limitations of this measure.Objectives This review enumerates the realistic expectations for PPI in translational models for schizophrenia research, and provides cautionary notes for the future applications of this important research tool.Conclusion In humans, PPI is not "diagnostic"; levels of PPI do not predict clinical course, specific symptoms, or individual medication responses. In preclinical studies, PPI is valuable for evaluating models or model organisms relevant to schizophrenia, "mapping" neural substrates of deficient PPI in schizophrenia, and advancing the discovery and development of novel therapeutics. Across species, PPI is a reliable, robust quantitative phenotype that is useful for probing the neurobiology and genetics of gating deficits in schizophrenia.

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Semenova, S., Geyer, M. A., Sutcliffe, J. G., Markou, A., & Hedlund, P. B. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.12.011 · Cited by 53
Reversal of isolation-rearing-induced PPI deficits by an α7 nicotinic receptor agonist
Cilia, J., Cluderay, J. E., Robbins, M. J., Reavill, C., Southam, E., Kew, J. N. C., & Jones, D. N. C. (2005) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-005-0069-5 · Cited by 53
Effects of hippocampal N-methyl-[D]-aspartate infusion on locomotor activity and prepulse inhibition: Differences between the dorsal and ventral hippocampus.
Zhang, W., Bast, T., & Feldon, J. (2002) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.116.1.72 · Cited by 53
Alpha2A-Adrenoceptors are Important Modulators of the Effects of D-Amphetamine on Startle Reactivity and Brain Monoamines
Lähdesmäki, J., Sallinen, J., MacDonald, E., & Scheinin, M. (2004) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300428 · Cited by 53
Role of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in sensorimotor gating and reward-related behavior in rats
Diederich, K., & Koch, M. (2004) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-004-2052-y · Cited by 53
The neuronal selective nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, Nω-propyl-l-arginine, blocks the effects of phencyclidine on prepulse inhibition and locomotor activity in mice
Klamer, D., Engel, J. A., & Svensson, L. (2004) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.09.042 · Cited by 53
Differential Role of Serotonergic Projections Arising from the Dorsal and Median Raphe Nuclei in Locomotor Hyperactivity and Prepulse Inhibition
Kusljic, S., Copolov, D., & van den Buuse, M. (2003) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300277 · Cited by 53
Effects of copper metabolism on neurological functions in Wistar and Wilson’s disease model rats
Fujiwara, N., Iso, H., Kitanaka, N., et al. (2006) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.08.139 · Cited by 53
Prenatal dexamethasone exposure, postnatal development, and adulthood prepulse inhibition and latent inhibition in Wistar rats
Hauser, J., Feldon, J., & Pryce, C. R. (2006) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2006.07.026 · Cited by 52
Environmental change during postnatal development alters behaviour, cognitions and neurogenesis of mice
Iso, H., Shimoda, S., & Matsuyama, T. (2007) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2007.01.025 · Cited by 52
Role of the medial prefrontal cortex in N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist induced sensorimotor gating deficit in rats
Schwabe, K., & Koch, M. (2003) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2003.10.028 · Cited by 51
Roles of the glutamate receptor ε2 and δ2 subunits in the potentiation and prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex
Takeuchi, T., Kiyama, Y., Nakamura, K., Tsujita, M., Matsuda, I., Mori, H., Munemoto, Y., Kuriyama, H., Natsume, R., Sakimura, K., et al. (2001) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01620.x · Cited by 51
Separable noradrenergic and dopaminergic regulation of prepulse inhibition in rats: implications for predictive validity and Tourette Syndrome
Swerdlow, N. R., Bongiovanni, M. J., Tochen, L. S., & Shoemaker, J. M. (2006) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0374-7 · Cited by 51
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Activation of GABAB receptors reverses spontaneous gating deficits in juvenile DBA/2J mice
Bortolato, M., Frau, R., Orrù, M., et al. (2007) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-007-0845-5 · Cited by 51
Neurotensin-Deficient Mice Have Deficits in Prepulse Inhibition: Restoration by Clozapine but Not Haloperidol, Olanzapine, or Quetiapine
Kinkead, B. L., Dobner, P. R., Egnatashvili, V., et al. (2005) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.105.087437 · Cited by 51
Prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle in subjects with schizophrenia treated with olanzapine or haloperidol
Duncan, E., Szilagyi, S., Schwartz, M. P., Kunzova, A., Negi, S., Efferen, T. R., Peselow, E. D., Chakravorty, S., Stephanides, M., Harmon, J. W., et al. (2003) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(03)00161-6 · Cited by 50
Associative and motor learning in 12-month-old transgenic APP+PS1 mice
Ewers, M., Morgan, D., Gordon, M. N., & Woodruff‐Pak, D. S. (2005) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.05.019 · Cited by 50
Isolation rearing-induced deficits in prepulse inhibition and locomotor habituation are not potentiated by water deprivation
Powell, S. B., Swerdlow, N. R., Pitcher, L., & Geyer, M. A. (2002) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(02)00817-x · Cited by 49
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Latent inhibition, but not prepulse inhibition, is reduced during withdrawal from an escalating dosage schedule of amphetamine.
Murphy, C. A., Fend, M., Russig, H. D., et al. (2001) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.115.6.1247 · Cited by 49
Iloperidone reduces sensorimotor gating deficits in pharmacological models, but not a developmental model, of disrupted prepulse inhibition in rats
Barr, A. M., Powell, S. B., Markou, A., & Geyer, M. A. (2006) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.04.004 · Cited by 49
Perinatal allopregnanolone influences prefrontal cortex structure, connectivity and behavior in adult rats
Grobin, A. C., Gizerian, S. S., Lieberman, J. A., & Morrow, A. L. (2006) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.12.026 · Cited by 49
Impairment of sensorimotor gating in mice deficient in the cell adhesion molecule L1 or its close homologue, CHL1
Irintchev, A., Koch, M., Needham, L. K., et al. (2004) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2004.09.042 · Cited by 49
Reversal of Startle Gating Deficits in Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Corticotropin-Releasing Factor by Antipsychotic Drugs
Dirks, A., Groenink, L., Westphal, K. G. C., Olivier, J. D. A., Verdouw, P. M., van der Gugten, J., Geyer, M. A., & Olivier, B. (2003) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300256 · Cited by 49
Association between violent behaviour and impaired prepulse inhibition of the startle response in antisocial personality disorder and schizophrenia
Kumari, V., Das, M., Hodgins, S., Zachariah, E., Barkataki, I., Howlett, M. P., & Sharma, T. (2004) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2004.08.021 · Cited by 48
The Ampakine CX546 Restores the Prepulse Inhibition and Latent Inhibition Deficits in mGluR5-Deficient Mice
Lipina, T. V., Weiss, K. C., & Roder, J. (2006) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301191 · Cited by 48
Disruption of the Prepulse Inhibition of the Startle Reflex in Vasopressin V1b Receptor Knockout Mice: Reversal by Antipsychotic Drugs
Egashira, N., Tanoue, A., Higashihara, F., Fuchigami, H., Sano, K., 三島, 健., Fukue, Y., Nagai, H., Takano, Y., Tsujimoto, G., et al. (2005) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300784 · Cited by 48
Sustained brain‐derived neurotrophic factor up‐regulation and sensorimotor gating abnormality induced by postnatal exposure to phencyclidine: comparison with adult treatment
Takahashi, M., Kakita, A., Futamura, T., Watanabe, Y., Mizuno, M., Sakimura, K., Ċastrén, E., Nabeshima, T., Someya, T., & Nawa, H. (2006) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04106.x · Cited by 48
An Investigation of the Efficacy of Mood Stabilizers in Rodent Models of Prepulse Inhibition
Ong, J. C., Brody, S. A., Large, C. H., & Geyer, M. A. (2005) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.105.090845 · Cited by 48
Attenuated disruption of prepulse inhibition by dopaminergic stimulation after maternal deprivation and adolescent corticosterone treatment in rats
Choy, K. H. C., & van den Buuse, M. (2008) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2007.03.011 · Cited by 47
Prefrontal D1 and ventral hippocampal N-methyl-d-aspartate regulation of startle gating in rats
Shoemaker, J. M., Marie, R. L. S., Bongiovanni, M. J., Neary, A. C., Tochen, L. S., & Swerdlow, N. R. (2005) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.06.054 · Cited by 47
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The relationship between sensorimotor gating and clinical improvement in acutely ill schizophrenia patients
Minassian, A., Feifel, D., & Perry, W. (2006) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.08.006 · Cited by 46
The effects of systemic NT69L, a neurotensin agonist, on baseline and drug-disrupted prepulse inhibition
Shilling, P. D., Richelson, E., & Feifel, D. (2003) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(03)00037-8 · Cited by 45
Latent inhibition, but not prepulse inhibition, is reduced during withdrawal from an escalating dosage schedule of amphetamine.
Murphy, C. A., Fend, M., Russig, H. D., et al. (2001) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.115.6.1247 · Cited by 45
Sensorimotor gating, orienting and social perception in schizophrenia
Wynn, J. K., Sergi, M. J., Dawson, M. E., Schell, A. M., & Green, M. F. (2004) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2004.07.013 · Cited by 44
Recovery curves of the blink reflex during wakefulness and sleep
Kimura, J., & Harada, O. (1976) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/bf00312869 · Cited by 44
(±) Ketamine-induced prepulse inhibition deficits of an acoustic startle response in rats are not reversed by antipsychotics
Cilia, J., Hatcher, P. D., Reavill, C., & Jones, D. N. C. (2007) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881107077718 · Cited by 44
Decreased prepulse inhibition and increased sensitivity to muscarinic, but not dopaminergic drugs in M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor knockout mice
Thomsen, M., Wörtwein, G., Fink‐Jensen, A., Woldbye, D. P. D., Wess, J., & Caine, S. B. (2007) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0682-y · Cited by 43
Prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle in aromatase knock‐out mice: effects of age and gender
van den Buuse, M., Simpson, E. R., & Jones, M. E. E. (2003) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1034/j.1601-183x.2003.00014.x · Cited by 43
Social Isolation Stress Significantly Enhanced the Disruption of Prepulse Inhibition in Mice Repeatedly Treated with Methamphetamine
Dai, H., OKUDA, H., Iwabuchi, K., Sakurai, E., Chen, Z., Kato, M., Iinuma, K., & Yanai, K. (2004) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1316.032 · Cited by 43
Baclofen reverses the reduction in prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response induced by dizocilpine, but not by apomorphine
Bortolato, M., Frau, R., Aru, G. N., Orr�, M., & Gessa, G. L. (2004) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-003-1589-5 · Cited by 43
Neonatal impact of leukemia inhibitory factor on neurobehavioral development in rats
Watanabe, Y., Hashimoto, S., Kakita, A., Takahashi, H., Ko, J., Mizuno, M., Someya, T., Patterson, P. H., & Nawa, H. (2004) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2003.12.001 · Cited by 43
Effects of Background and Prepulse Characteristics on Prepulse Inhibition and Facilitation: Implications for Neuropsychiatric Research
Hsieh, M. H., Swerdlow, N. R., & BRAFF, D. L. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.07.032 · Cited by 42
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F15063, a compound with D2/D3antagonist, 5‐HT1Aagonist and D4partial agonist properties: (II) Activity in models of positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Depoortère, R., Bardin, L., Auclair, A. L., Kleven, M. S., Prinssen, E. P. M., Colpaert, F. C., Vacher, B., & Newman‐Tancredi, A. (2007) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707159 · Cited by 42
Effects of genetic background on neonatal Borna disease virus infection-induced neurodevelopmental damage
Pletnikov, M. V., Rubin, S. A., Vogel, M. W., Moran, T. H., & Carbone, K. M. (2002) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(02)02723-3 · Cited by 42
Long-term effects of developmental PCP administration on sensorimotor gating in male and female rats
Rasmussen, B. A., O’Neil, J. N., Manaye, K. F., et al. (2006) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0584-z · Cited by 41
Amphetamine dose dependently disrupts prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response in rats within a narrow time window
Sills, T. L. (1999) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(99)00036-2 · Cited by 41
Startle gating in antipsychotic-naïve first episode schizophrenia patients: One ear is better than two
Kumari, V., Fannon, D. G., Sumich, A. L., & Sharma, T. (2007) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.09.013 · Cited by 41
Sensitivity to drug effects on prepulse inhibition in inbred and outbred rat strains
Swerdlow, N. R., Shoemaker, J. M., Crain, S. K., et al. (2003) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2003.11.008 · Cited by 41
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Kappa Opioid Receptor Activation Disrupts Prepulse Inhibition of the Acoustic Startle in Rats
Bortolato, M., Aru, G. N., Frau, R., Orrù, M., Fà, M., Manunta, M., Puddu, M., Mereu, G., & Gessa, G. L. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.02.030 · Cited by 41
Role of basolateral amygdala dopamine in modulating prepulse inhibition and latent inhibition in the rat
Stevenson, C. W., & Gratton, A. P. (2004) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-004-1879-6 · Cited by 41
Interactions of the mGluR5 gene with breeding and maternal factors on startle and prepulse inhibition in mice
Brody, S. A., & Geyer, M. A. (2004) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/bf03033300 · Cited by 40
The medial septum mediates impairment of prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle induced by a hippocampal seizure or phencyclidine
Ma, J., Bixia Shen, A., Rajakumar, N., & Leung, L.-W. S. (2004) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2004.04.010 · Cited by 40
Routine post-weaning handling of rats prevents isolation rearing-induced deficit in prepulse inhibition
Rosa, M. L. N. M., Silva, R. C. B., Moura-de-Carvalho, F. T., Brandão, M. L., Guimarães, F. S., & Bel, E. A. D. (2005) · Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research · doi:10.1590/s0100-879x2005001100018 · Cited by 40
Isolation-Induced Changes in Ultrasonic Vocalization, Fear-Potentiated Startle and Prepulse Inhibition in Rats
Rosa, M. L. N. M., Nobre, M. J., de Oliveira, A. R., & Brandão, M. L. (2005) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000085820 · Cited by 40
Attention-dependent reduction in prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex in cannabis users and schizophrenia patients—A pilot study
Kedzior, K. K., & Martin-Iverson, M. T. (2007) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.01.032 · Cited by 39
KKHA-761, a potent D3 receptor antagonist with high 5-HT1A receptor affinity, exhibits antipsychotic properties in animal models of schizophrenia
Park, W., Jeong, D.-Y., Cho, H., Lee, S. J., Cha, M. Y., Pae, A. N., Choi, K. I., Koh, H. Y., & Kong, J. Y. (2005) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2005.09.006 · Cited by 39
FAUC 213, a highly selective dopamine D4 receptor full antagonist, exhibits atypical antipsychotic properties in behavioural and neurochemical models of schizophrenia
Boeckler, F. M., Russig, H. D., Zhang, W., L�ber, S., Schetz, J. A., bner, H. H., Ferger, B., Gmeiner, P., & Feldon, J. (2004) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-004-1782-1 · Cited by 39
Effect of adrenalectomy and corticosterone replacement on prepulse inhibition and locomotor activity in mice
van den Buuse, M., Morris, M. J., Chavez, C. A., Martin, S., & Wang, J. (2004) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705511 · Cited by 39
The Effects of Temporary Inactivation of the Core and the Shell Subregions of the Nucleus Accumbens on Prepulse Inhibition of the Acoustic Startle Reflex and Activity in Rats
Pothuizen, H. H. J., Jongen‐Rêlo, A. L., & Feldon, J. (2005) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300643 · Cited by 38
The prenatal methylazoxymethanol acetate treatment: a neurodevelopmental animal model for schizophrenia?
Jongen‐Rêlo, A. L., Leng, A., Lüber, M., Pothuizen, H. H. J., Weber, L., & Feldon, J. (2003) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(03)00228-6 · Cited by 38
Strain Differences in the Gating-Disruptive Effects of Apomorphine: Relationship to Gene Expression in Nucleus Accumbens Signaling Pathways
Shilling, P. D., Marie, R. L. S., Shoemaker, J. M., & Swerdlow, N. R. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.10.015 · Cited by 38
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Schizophrenia-like behavioral changes after partial hippocampal kindling
Ma, J., & Leung, L.-W. S. (2003) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2003.11.004 · Cited by 38
The atypical antipsychotic, aripiprazole, blocks phencyclidine-induced disruption of prepulse inhibition in mice
Fejgin, K., Safonov, S., Pålsson, E., et al. (2007) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0658-y · Cited by 37
Dopamine and nitric oxide interaction on the modulation of prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response in the Wistar rat
Salum, C., Guimarães, F. S., Brandão, M. L., & Bel, E. A. D. (2006) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-005-0277-z · Cited by 37
Reinforcing Mood Effects of Alcohol in Coping and Enhancement Motivated Drinkers
Wilkie, H., & Stewart, S. H. (2005) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1097/01.alc.0000163498.21044.cb · Cited by 37
Kindling of basolateral amygdala but not ventral hippocampus or perirhinal cortex disrupts sensorimotor gating in rats
Howland, J. G., Hannesson, D. K., Barnes, S. J., & Phillips, A. G. (2006) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2006.11.009 · Cited by 37
Neonatal Intrahippocampal Glycoprotein 120 Injection: The Role of Dopaminergic Alterations in Prepulse Inhibition in Adult Rats
Fitting, S., Booze, R. M., & Mactutus, C. F. (2006) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.106.105742 · Cited by 37
Prepulse inhibition of perceived stimulus intensity: paradigm assessment
Swerdlow, N. R., Stephany, N., Talledo, J., Light, G. A., BRAFF, D. L., Baeyens, D., & Auerbach, P. P. (2004) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.07.002 · Cited by 36
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Phencyclidine‐Induced Behaviour in Mice Prevented by Methylene Blue
Klamer, D., Engel, J. A., & Svensson, L. (2004) · Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology · doi:10.1111/j.1742-7843.2004.pto940203.x · Cited by 36
Repeated Quinpirole Treatment Increases cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Activity and CREB Phosphorylation in Nucleus Accumbens and Reverses Quinpirole-Induced Sensorimotor Gating Deficits in Rats
Culm, K. E., Lugo‐Escobar, N., Hope, B. T., & Hammer, R. P. (2004) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300483 · Cited by 36
Increased auditory startle response and reduced prepulse inhibition of startle in transgenic mice expressing a double mutant form of amyloid precursor protein
McCool, M. F., Varty, G. B., Vecchio, R. A. D., Kazdoba, T. M., Parker, E. M., Hunter, J. C., & Hyde, L. A. (2003) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2003.09.025 · Cited by 36
Strain-Specificity in Nicotine Attenuation of Phencyclidine-Induced Disruption of Prepulse Inhibition in Mice: Relevance to Smoking in Schizophrenia Patients
Spielewoy, C., & Markou, A. (2004) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1023/b:bege.0000017878.75206.fd · Cited by 35
Sensorimotor Gating Deficits in Transgenic Mice Expressing a Constitutively Active Form of Gsα
Gould, T. J., Bizily, S. P., Tokarczyk, J., Kelly, M. P., Siegel, S. J., Kanes, S., & Abel, T. G. (2003) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300309 · Cited by 35
Functional dissociation between serotonergic pathways in dorsal and ventral hippocampus in psychotomimetic drug‐induced locomotor hyperactivity and prepulse inhibition in rats
Kusljic, S., & van den Buuse, M. (2004) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03804.x · Cited by 35
Nicotine and clozapine selectively reverse a PCP-induced deficit of PPI in BALB/cByJ but not NMRI mice: Comparison with risperidone
Andreasen, J. T., Andersen, K. K., Nielsen, E. Ø., Mathiasen, L., & Mirza, N. R. (2005) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2005.08.023 · Cited by 35
Genetic Alteration of Anxiety and Stress-Like Behavior in Mice Lacking CaMKIV
Shum, F. W. F., Ko, S. W., Lee, Y., Kaang, B., & Zhuo, M. (2005) · Molecular Pain · doi:10.1186/1744-8069-1-22 · Cited by 35
A Developmental Influence of the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor NR3A Subunit on Prepulse Inhibition of Startle
Brody, S. A., Nakanishi, N., Tu, S., Lipton, S. A., & Geyer, M. A. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.01.024 · Cited by 34
High glycine levels are associated with prepulse inhibition deficits in chronic schizophrenia patients
Heresco‐Levy, U., Bar, G., Levin, R., et al. (2007) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.12.003 · Cited by 34
Prepulse inhibition and fear-potentiated startle are altered in tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) knockout mice
Jaworski, D. M., Boone, J. Q., Caterina, J. J., Soloway, P. D., & Falls, W. A. (2005) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2005.05.057 · Cited by 34
Deficient Attentional Modulation of the Startle Response in Patients With Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Hazlett, E. A., Levine, J., Buchsbaum, M. S., Silverman, J. M., New, A. S., Sevin, E. M., Maldari, L. A., & Siever, L. J. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.9.1621 · Cited by 34
Sensorimotor gating in manic and mixed episode bipolar disorder
Carroll, C. A., Vohs, J. L., O’Donnell, B. F., Shekhar, A., & Hetrick, W. P. (2007) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2007.00415.x · Cited by 34
Reduced anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in Emx1 homozygous mutant mice
Cao, B., & Li, Y. (2002) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(02)02461-7 · Cited by 34
Normal levels of prepulse inhibition in the euthymic phase of bipolar disorder
Barrett, S., Kelly, C. J., Watson, D. R., Bell, R., & King, D. J. (2005) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291705005702 · Cited by 34
Electrical stimulation of the hippocampus disrupts prepulse inhibition in rats: frequency- and site-dependent effects
Howland, J. G., MacKenzie, E. M., Yim, T. T.-L., Taepavarapruk, P., & Phillips, A. G. (2003) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2003.10.001 · Cited by 33
Blockage of histamine H1 receptor attenuates social isolation-induced disruption of prepulse inhibition: a study in H1 receptor gene knockout mice
Dai, H., Okuda, T., Sakurai, E., Kuramasu, A., Kato, M., Jia, F., Xu, A., Iinuma, K., Sato, I., & Yanai, K. (2005) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-005-0203-4 · Cited by 33
CRF1 Not Glucocorticoid Receptors Mediate Prepulse Inhibition Deficits in Mice Overexpressing CRF
Groenink, L., Dirks, A., Verdouw, P. M., de Graaff, M., Peeters, B. W. M. M., Millan, M. J., & Olivier, B. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.06.002 · Cited by 33
An investigation of prepulse inhibition in pediatric bipolar disorder
Rich, B. A., Vinton, D. T., Grillon, C., Bhangoo, R. K., & Leibenluft, E. (2005) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2005.00183.x · Cited by 33
Lack of association between prepulse inhibition and antisaccadic deficits in chronic schizophrenia: implications for identification of schizophrenia endophenotypes
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Independent Domains of Inhibitory Gating in Schizophrenia and the Effect of Stimulus Interval
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Authors: Swerdlow, N. R., Weber, M., Qu, Y., Light, G. A., & Braff, D. L.
Affiliations: University of California San Diego (US)
Corresponding author: Swerdlow, Neal R.
ORCID: Swerdlow, Neal R.
Light, Gregory A.
Braff, David L.
Venue: Psychopharmacology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2008-06-21
Volume: 199
Issue: 3
Pages: 331-388
ISSN: 0033-3158 (ISSN-L)
1432-2072
DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1072-4
PMC: PMC2771731
OpenAlex: W2062472783
Cited by: 529
References: 478
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 51 · 2012: 38
FWCI: 5.46
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: Pfizer
National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
ACADIA Pharmaceuticals
Allergan
Pfizer Pharmaceuticals
National Institute of Mental Health (MH 53484, MH68366, R01MH069589, MH65571, MH69589, MH42228, R01MH068366, R37MH042228, R01MH053484, R01MH042228, R01MH059803, MH 79777, MH 58903, R01MH065571, R01MH079777)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Keywords: prepulse inhibition, schizophrenia, sensorimotor gating, translational model, animal models of schizophrenia, startle response, inhibition mechanism, preclinical drug screening, quantitative phenotypes, model organisms
MeSH terms: Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Models, Psychological, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Reflex, Startle, Antipsychotic Agents

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Realistic expectations of prepulse inhibition in translational models for schizophrenia research

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