Cited by 529Schizophrenia research and treatmentNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorNeuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research

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Realistic expectations of prepulse inhibition in translational models for schizophrenia research

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Swerdlow, Neal R., Weber, Martin, Qu, Ying, Light, Gregory A., Braff, David L.·2008·Psychopharmacology

DOI 10.1007/s00213-008-1072-4PMC PMC2771731

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Abstract

Introduction Under specific conditions, a weak lead stimulus, or "prepulse", can inhibit the startling effects of a subsequent intense abrupt stimulus. This startle-inhibiting effect of the prepulse, termed "prepulse inhibition" (PPI), is widely used in translational models to understand the biology of brainbased inhibitory mechanisms and their deficiency in neuropsychiatric disorders. In 1981, four published reports with "prepulse inhibition" as an index term were listed on Medline; over the past 5 years, new published Medline reports with "prepulse inhibition" as an index term have appeared at a rate exceeding once every 2.7 days (n=678). Most of these reports focus on the use of PPI in translational models of impaired sensorimotor gating in schizophrenia. This rapid expansion and broad application of PPI as a tool for understanding schizophrenia has, at times, outpaced critical thinking and falsifiable hypotheses about the relative strengths vs. limitations of this measure.Objectives This review enumerates the realistic expectations for PPI in translational models for schizophrenia research, and provides cautionary notes for the future applications of this important research tool.Conclusion In humans, PPI is not "diagnostic"; levels of PPI do not predict clinical course, specific symptoms, or individual medication responses. In preclinical studies, PPI is valuable for evaluating models or model organisms relevant to schizophrenia, "mapping" neural substrates of deficient PPI in schizophrenia, and advancing the discovery and development of novel therapeutics. Across species, PPI is a reliable, robust quantitative phenotype that is useful for probing the neurobiology and genetics of gating deficits in schizophrenia.

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The β3 Nicotinic Receptor Subunit: A Component of α-Conotoxin MII-Binding Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors that Modulate Dopamine Release and Related Behaviors
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Genetic Inactivation of the NMDA Receptor NR2A Subunit has Anxiolytic- and Antidepressant-Like Effects in Mice
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Pharmacological and Behavioral Profile of N-(4-Fluorophenylmethyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N′-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)phenylmethyl) Carbamide (2 R,3 R)-Dihydroxybutanedioate (2:1) (ACP-103), a Novel 5-Hydroxytryptamine2A Receptor Inverse Agonist
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A schizophrenia-related sensorimotor deficit links α3-containing GABA A receptors to a dopamine hyperfunction
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Clozapine and haloperidol in an animal model of sensorimotor gating deficits in schizophrenia
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Gene knockout of glycine transporter 1: Characterization of the behavioral phenotype
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Prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle in rats after lesions of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus.
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Impaired Prepulse Inhibition of Acoustic Startle in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Hoenig, K., Hochrein, A., Quednow, B. B., Maier, W., & Wagner, M. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.01.040 · Cited by 190
Preattentive Sensory Processing as Indexed by the MMN and P3a Brain Responses is Associated with Cognitive and Psychosocial Functioning in Healthy Adults
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Endogenous kynurenic acid disrupts prepulse inhibition.
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Behavioral and neurochemical phenotyping of Homer1 mutant mice: possible relevance to schizophrenia
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Tactile prepuff inhibition of startle in children with Tourette’s syndrome: in search of an “fMRI-friendly” startle paradigm
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Behavioural characterization of Vitamin D receptor knockout mice
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Mice lacking the AMPA GluR1 receptor exhibit striatal hyperdopaminergia and ‘schizophrenia-related’ behaviors
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Behavioral and regulatory abnormalities in mice deficient in the NPAS1 and NPAS3 transcription factors
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Cannabidiol Reverses MK-801-Induced Disruption of Prepulse Inhibition in Mice
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A Selective Allosteric Potentiator of Metabotropic Glutamate (mGlu) 2 Receptors Has Effects Similar to an Orthosteric mGlu2/3 Receptor Agonist in Mouse Models Predictive of Antipsychotic Activity
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The Dopamine D2, but not D3or D4, Receptor Subtype is Essential for the Disruption of Prepulse Inhibition Produced by Amphetamine in Mice
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Disruption of Prepulse Inhibition of Startle Reflex in a Neurodevelopmental Model of Schizophrenia Reversal by Clozapine, Olanzapine and Risperidone But Not by Haloperidol
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The Glycine Transporter Type 1 InhibitorN-[3-(4′-Fluorophenyl)-3-(4′-Phenylphenoxy)Propyl]Sarcosine Potentiates NMDA Receptor-Mediated ResponsesIn Vivoand Produces an Antipsychotic Profile in Rodent Behavior
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Artificially-reared female rats show reduced prepulse inhibition and deficits in the attentional set shifting task—reversal of effects with maternal-like licking stimulation
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Behavioral characterization of dopamine D-sub-5 receptor null mutant mice.
Holmes, A., Hollon, T. R., Gleason, T., Liu, Z., Dreiling, J. L., Sibley, D. R., & Crawley, J. N. (2001) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.115.5.1129 · Cited by 168
Heterozygous neuregulin 1 mice are more sensitive to the behavioural effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol
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Toward Understanding the Biology of a Complex Phenotype: Rat Strain and Substrain Differences in the Sensorimotor Gating-Disruptive Effects of Dopamine Agonists
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Long‐term behavioural, molecular and morphological effects of neonatal NMDA receptor antagonism
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The Consortium on the Genetics of Endophenotypes in Schizophrenia: Model Recruitment, Assessment, and Endophenotyping Methods for a Multisite Collaboration
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Neural correlates of tactile prepulse inhibition: a functional MRI study in normal and schizophrenic subjects
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Rolipram: A specific phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor with potential antipsychotic activity
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Modulators of the glycine site on NMDA receptors, d-serine and ALX 5407, display similar beneficial effects to clozapine in mouse models of schizophrenia
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Medial prefrontal cortex lesions in the female rat affect sexual and maternal behavior and their sequential organization.
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Clinical and Sensorimotor Gating Effects of Ketamine in Normals
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Menstrual cycle phase effects on prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle
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Marquis, K. L., Sabb, A. L., Logue, S. F., Brennan, J. A., Piesla, M. J., Comery, T. A., Grauer, S. M., Ashby, C. R., Nguyen, H. Q., Dawson, L. A., et al. (2006) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.106.106989 · Cited by 145
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Neurobehavioral and Immunological Consequences of Prenatal Immune Activation in Rats. Influence of Antipsychotics
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Initial Genome Scan of the NIMH Genetics Initiative Bipolar Pedigrees: Chromosomes 4, 7, 9, 18, 19, 20, and 21q
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Ketamine, at a Dose that Disrupts Motor Behavior and Latent Inhibition, Enhances Prefrontal Cortex Synaptic Efficacy and Glutamate Release in the Nucleus Accumbens
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The Muscarinic Receptor Agonist Xanomeline Has an Antipsychotic-Like Profile in the Rat
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Preliminary evidence of an association between sensorimotor gating and distractibility in psychosis
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LPA1 receptor-deficient mice have phenotypic changes observed in psychiatric disease
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STOP knockout and NMDA NR1 hypomorphic mice exhibit deficits in sensorimotor gating
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Influence of cigarette smoking on prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response in schizophrenia
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Early maternal deprivation and prepulse inhibition
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Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule-Secreting Transgenic Mice Display Abnormalities in GABAergic Interneurons and Alterations in Behavior
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Melatonin receptor (MT1) knockout mice display depression-like behaviors and deficits in sensorimotor gating
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Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptors CRF1and CRF2Exert Both Additive and Opposing Influences on Defensive Startle Behavior
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Exaggerated behavioral phenotypes in Fmr1/Fxr2 double knockout mice reveal a functional genetic interaction between Fragile X-related proteins
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A fMRI investigation of startle gating deficits in schizophrenia patients treated with typical or atypical antipsychotics
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Effects of the 5-HT7 receptor antagonist SB-258741 in animal models for schizophrenia
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Reduced prepulse inhibition in unaffected siblings of schizophrenia patients
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Knockout mouse model for Fxr2: a model for mental retardation
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In vitro and in vivo pharmacological profile of AS057278, a selective d-amino acid oxidase inhibitor with potential anti-psychotic properties
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Valproate attenuates hyperactive and perseverative behaviors in mutant mice with a dysregulated dopamine system
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Repeated testing of prepulse inhibition and habituation of the startle reflex: a study in healthy human controls
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Deletion in Catna2, encoding αN-catenin, causes cerebellar and hippocampal lamination defects and impaired startle modulation
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Neurobiological Measures of Schizotypal Personality Disorder: Defining an Inhibitory Endophenotype?
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Strain differences in the isolation-induced effects on prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response and on locomotor activity.
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Lower Prepulse Inhibition in Children With the 22q11 Deletion Syndrome
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Hippocampal α5 subunit-containing GABAA receptors modulate the expression of prepulse inhibition
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Amphetamine-sensitized animals show a sensorimotor gating and neurochemical abnormality similar to that of schizophrenia.
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Prepulse inhibition deficits of the startle reflex in neonatal ventral hippocampal–lesioned rats: reversal by glycine and a glycine transporter inhibitor
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Brain histamine and schizophrenia: Potential therapeutic applications of H3-receptor inverse agonists studied with BF2.649
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Low dose ketamine increases prepulse inhibition in healthy men
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Neonatal perturbation of neurotrophic signaling results in abnormal sensorimotor gating and social interaction in adults: implication for epidermal growth factor in cognitive development
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A behavioural and functional neuroimaging investigation into the effects of nicotine on sensorimotor gating in healthy subjects and persons with schizophrenia
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Authors: Swerdlow, N. R., Weber, M., Qu, Y., Light, G. A., & Braff, D. L.
Affiliations: University of California San Diego (US)
Corresponding author: Swerdlow, Neal R.
ORCID: Swerdlow, Neal R.
Light, Gregory A.
Braff, David L.
Venue: Psychopharmacology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2008-06-21
Volume: 199
Issue: 3
Pages: 331-388
ISSN: 0033-3158 (ISSN-L)
1432-2072
DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1072-4
PMC: PMC2771731
OpenAlex: W2062472783
Cited by: 529
References: 478
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 51 · 2012: 38
FWCI: 5.46
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: Pfizer
National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
ACADIA Pharmaceuticals
Allergan
Pfizer Pharmaceuticals
National Institute of Mental Health (MH 53484, MH68366, R01MH069589, MH65571, MH69589, MH42228, R01MH068366, R37MH042228, R01MH053484, R01MH042228, R01MH059803, MH 79777, MH 58903, R01MH065571, R01MH079777)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Keywords: prepulse inhibition, schizophrenia, sensorimotor gating, translational model, animal models of schizophrenia, startle response, inhibition mechanism, preclinical drug screening, quantitative phenotypes, model organisms
MeSH terms: Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Models, Psychological, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Reflex, Startle, Antipsychotic Agents

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Realistic expectations of prepulse inhibition in translational models for schizophrenia research

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