Polyfluorinated and Perfluorinated Chemicals in Precipitation and Runoff from Cities Across Eastern and Central China
Abstract
Twenty-three polychlorinated and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were investigated in water phase and particulate matters of 19 precipitation samples (18 snow samples and 1 rain sample) from different cities across eastern and central China collected in February 2010. The PFCs in samples of 9e precipitation events during more than half a year at 1 site in Tianjin and 6 successive samples during 1 precipitation event were measured to elucidate the change of PFC in precipitation. In addition, PFCs in 3 runoffs at different kinds of sites in Tianjin were compared with those in the corresponding precipitation. The results showed that the particulate matters separated from the precipitation contained undetectable PFCs. The total PFC concentration ranged between 4.7 and 152 ng L(-1) in water phase of the precipitation samples, with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) being detected at all of the sampling sites and the dominant PFC at most of the sampling sites. Some potential precursors of environmentally concerned PFCs and their degradation intermediates were measured simultaneously, among which 6:2 fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylic acid (6:2 FTUCA), 8:2 FTUCA, and × (3, 4, 5, 7):3 acid [F(CF(2))xCH(2)CH(2)COOH] were measured for the first time in Chinese precipitations; however, their concentrations were all lower than the limits of detection except that 6:2 FTUCA and 8:2 FTUCA could be detected in 3 and 8 precipitation samples, respectively. No clear seasonal variation in PFC concentrations in precipitation was observed during half a year; however, a relatively greater average concentration of total PFCs was observed during winter and summer compared with spring. The concentration of individual PFCs showed an obvious descending trend in the successive samples of the precipitation event. PFOA and perfluorononanoic acid in runoffs collected from different sites showed the following similar pattern-gas station > highway > university campus-whereas the other detected PFCs had no concurrent trend.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Seasonal variations were observed for snow and precipitation matrices in many studies.
“Seasonal variations were observed for these matrices in many studies (Kwok et al., 2010; Zhao et al. 2013).”
From Per and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as a contaminant of emerging concern in surface water: A transboundary review of their occurrences and toxicity effects (2021) · cites this paper as Zhao et al. 2013
Elevated temperature (typically in summer) facilitates volatilization of PFAS or their precursors, contributing to high PFAS concentrations.
“elevated temperature (typically in summer) facilitates volatilization of PFAS or their precursors, thus contributing to high PFAS concentrations (Zhao et al., 2013).”
From Per and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as a contaminant of emerging concern in surface water: A transboundary review of their occurrences and toxicity effects (2021) · cites this paper as Zhao et al., 2013
PFAS concentrations in Arctic ice caps exhibited seasonal variation, highest in spring followed by summer.
“exhibited seasonal variation, highest in spring, followed by summer.”
From Per and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as a contaminant of emerging concern in surface water: A transboundary review of their occurrences and toxicity effects (2021) · cites this paper as Zhao et al., 2013
Surface runoff is considered as one of the main sources of PFAS pollution in surface water.
“Therefore, it is not surprising that surface runoff is considered as one of the main sources of PFAS pollution in surface water (Nguyen et al., 2011; Zhao et al., 2013).”
From Per and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as a contaminant of emerging concern in surface water: A transboundary review of their occurrences and toxicity effects (2021) · cites this paper as Zhao et al., 2013
PFAS concentrations were observed in Arctic ice caps from 1996 to 2005 in the pg/L range.
“from 1996 to 2005, PFAS concentrations were observed in Arctic ice caps, although in pg/L range”
From Per and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as a contaminant of emerging concern in surface water: A transboundary review of their occurrences and toxicity effects (2021) · cites this paper as Zhao et al., 2013
PFCA with five to nine carbons were observed in snow and precipitation studies.
“PFCA with five to nine carbons were observed (Zhao et al., 2013).”
From Per and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as a contaminant of emerging concern in surface water: A transboundary review of their occurrences and toxicity effects (2021) · cites this paper as Zhao et al., 2013
These observations indicated generally higher concentrations than previously observed in urban stormwater for PFHxA, and similar concentrations for PFOA and PFOS.
“Overall, these observations indicated generally higher concentrations than previously observed in urban stormwater for PFHxA, and similar concentrations for PFOA and PFOS.[87][88][89][90][91][92]”
From Storms mobilize organophosphate esters, bisphenols, PFASs, and vehicle-derived contaminants to San Francisco Bay watersheds (2024) · cites this paper as [90]
Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of road traffic in the contamination of runoff by PFAS; this trend was not observed here.
“Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of road traffic in the contamination of runoff by PFAS [35,42]; this trend was not observed here.”
From Micropollutants in Urban Runoff from Traffic Areas: Target and Non-Target Screening on Four Contrasted Sites (2022) · cites this paper as [42]
The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet
References 39 · Cited by 59
- Authors
- Zhao, L., Zhou, M., Zhang, T., & Sun, H.
- Affiliations
- Nankai University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Sun, Hongwen
- Venue
- Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
- Published
- 2012-11-15
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 198-207
- ISSN
- 0090-4341 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0703
- OpenAlex
- W2120594211
- Cited by
- 59
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 2.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
- Keywords
- perfluorinated compounds, polychlorinated compounds, precipitation, snow, runoff, perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorononanoic acid, particulate matter, seasonal variation, urban pollution, Tianjin
- MeSH terms
- China, Cities, Environmental Monitoring, Fluorocarbons, Seasons, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Water Pollution, Chemical, Rivers
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
