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Micropollutants in Urban Runoff from Traffic Areas: Target and Non-Target Screening on Four Contrasted Sites

Open access
Gasperi, Johnny, Le Roux, Julien, Deshayes, Steven, Ayrault, Sophie, Bordier, Louise, Boudahmane, Lila, Budzinski, Hélène, Caupos, Emilie +12 more·2022·Water
DOI 10.3390/w14030394
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Abstract

Although runoff from trafficked urban areas is recognized as a potentially significant pathway of micropollutants, runoff pollution remains poorly documented, except for relatively few historical pollutants such as some metals and hydrocarbons. Therefore, in this work, road and parking lot runoff from four sites with contrasting traffic levels were analyzed for a very broad spectrum of molecules and elements. A total of 128 pollutants and micropollutants were monitored, including inorganic (n = 41) and organic (n = 87) pollutants. Both the dissolved and particulate phases were considered. For a reduced number of samples, non-targeted screening by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) was carried out. For targeted screening, the contamination profiles were quite homogeneous, but the concentrations significantly differed between the different sites. Sites with the highest traffic density exhibited the highest concentrations for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), some traffic-related metals, alkylphenols and phthalates. Overall, for most micropollutants, the parking lot runoff exhibited the lowest concentrations, and the specificity of this site was confirmed by its HRMS fingerprint. Non-target screening allowed the sites to be discriminated based on the occurrence of specific compounds. Unlike the results of targeted screening, the HRMS intra-site variability was lower than its inter-site variability. Unknown substances were tentatively identified, either characteristic of each site or ubiquitous of all samples.

Verified 2026-10-06 · 1 reference not checked yet

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

Road and parking-lot runoff from four contrasting traffic sites in the Paris metropolitan area was screened for 128 inorganic and organic micropollutants, with targeted analyses plus non-target HRMS on selected samples. Contamination profiles were broadly homogeneous, but concentrations differed by site, with the highest-traffic roads generally most contaminated and the residential parking lot least contaminated.

Key findings

  • Across 128 monitored pollutants (41 inorganic, 87 organic), most metals and many organics were frequently detected; Zn ranged 36–932 µg/L, Cu 15–570 µg/L, Pb 5.3–98 µg/L, and Σ16 PAH 604–7481 ng/L (Q10–Q90).
  • Sites with highest traffic density (Paris and Compans) showed the highest concentrations for PAHs, traffic-related metals, alkylphenols and phthalates, while the parking lot (Villeneuve-le-Roi) generally had the lowest concentrations; non-target HRMS also separated sites by specific features.
  • EQS exceedances were greatest for BaP and fluoranthene (EMC/AA-EQS >100), followed by Cu and DEHP (>10), and by As, Sb, Zn, BPA, NP, OP, HBCDD, ΣPBDE, PFOS and anthracene (factor 1–10).
  • Non-target suspect screening detected 1,4-diphenylguanidine (DPG) in all samples, with highest intensities at Compans; 6PPD-quinone was present in most samples, while 6PPD itself was not detected.

Methods

  • Runoff was collected from three urban roads with contrasting traffic levels and one residential parking lot in the Paris metropolitan area, with sampling from November 2015 to June 2019; event mean samples were taken with automatic refrigerated samplers and flowmeters.
  • Targeted screening covered 128 pollutants in dissolved and particulate phases, with separate analyses for inorganic elements and organic micropollutants; total concentrations were calculated as dissolved plus particle-bound.
  • Non-target screening used UPLC–ion mobility–QToF HRMS on the dissolved phase of selected samples (3 from Paris, 4 from Compans, 1 from Rosny-sous-Bois, 3 from Villeneuve-le-Roi), followed by suspect screening and multivariate analysis.

Limitations

  • The paper states that sampling periods differed between sites and pollutant groups because of site and laboratory availability, and that groups 2, 4 and 5 had only two to four runoff samples per site.
  • The paper states that site Rosny-sous-Bois was sampled under backwater influence, with unreliable flow measurements and possible TSS stratification that could overestimate particle-bound concentrations for some samples.
  • Evident from the text: non-target screening used a very limited number of event mean samples, and uneven sample numbers across sites and pollutant groups limit robust inter-site and temporal comparisons.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/w14030394

Cites

60 of 61 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 87 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data
    § 3.1. Physical-Chemical Characteristics · p. 7

    The exceedance probability distributions for TSS were similar for P and C.

    “This was confirmed by the exceedance probability distributions (Figure 1), which were similar for P and C.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § 2.2.2. Non-Targeted Screening Methodology · p. 6

    1,4-diphenylguanidine (DPG) was identified as a major peak in most samples.

    “1,4-diphenylguanidine (DPG), a rubber vulcanization accelerator, was identified as a major peak in most samples”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingcitation
    § 3.1. Physical-Chemical Characteristics · p. 7

    The conductivity, TSS and DOC concentrations varied in a wide range from one rain event to another.

    “The conductivity, TSS and DOC concentrations varied in a wide range from one rain event to another”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Micropollutants in Urban Runoff from Traffic Areas: Target and Non-Target Screening on Four Contrasted Sites · p. 2

    The specificity of the parking lot site was confirmed by its HRMS fingerprint.

    “the specificity of this site was confirmed by its HRMS fingerprint”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Micropollutants in Urban Runoff from Traffic Areas: Target and Non-Target Screening on Four Contrasted Sites · p. 2

    Overall, for most micropollutants, the parking lot runoff exhibited the lowest concentrations.

    “Overall, for most micropollutants, the parking lot runoff exhibited the lowest concentrations”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 68
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 48

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Micropollutants in Urban Runoff from Traffic Areas: Target and Non-Target Screening on Four Contrasted Sites · p. 2

    For targeted screening, the contamination profiles were quite homogeneous, but the concentrations significantly differed between the different sites.

    “For targeted screening, the contamination profiles were quite homogeneous, but the concentrations significantly differed between the different sites.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Micropollutants in Urban Runoff from Traffic Areas: Target and Non-Target Screening on Four Contrasted Sites · p. 2

    Unknown substances were tentatively identified, either characteristic of each site or ubiquitous of all samples.

    “Unknown substances were tentatively identified, either characteristic of each site or ubiquitous of all samples.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 3.2. Micropollutants in the Road and Parking Lot Runoff-Prevalence and Concentration Ranges in the Targeted Screening · p. 12

    Phthalates, followed by benzotriazoles, PAHs, bisphenol A and alkylphenols, exhibited the highest concentrations, ranging from a few μg/L up to 20 μg/L.

    “Phthalates, followed by benzotriazoles, PAHs, bisphenol A and alkylphenols, exhibited the highest concentrations, ranging from a few µg/L up to 20 µg/L.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given
    § 3.1. Physical-Chemical Characteristics · p. 7

    V site showed the lowest TSS and DOC concentrations, as well as conductivities.

    “V site showed the lowest TSS and DOC concentrations, as well as conductivities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 3.2. Micropollutants in the Road and Parking Lot Runoff-Prevalence and Concentration Ranges in the Targeted Screening · p. 9

    Only Cd and Cr showed slightly lower occurrences, which remained above 90%.

    “Only Cd and Cr showed slightly lower occurrences, which remained above 90%.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § 3.3. Inter-Site Variability of Concentrations-Targeted Screening · p. 13

    For a significant proportion of metals known to be tracers of car traffic (Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cr, Sb, Ti), concentrations at P and C sites were highest, while V site was lowest.

    “For a significant proportion of the metals known to be tracers of car traffic, including Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cr, Sb and Ti [36], the concentrations at the P and C sites were the highest, while the concentrations at V site (i.e., the parking lot) were the lowest (Figure 3).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [36] Sternbeck, 2002, Metal Emissions from Road Traffic and the Influence of Resuspension - Results from Two Tunnel Studies, Atmos. Environ. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning
    § 3.2. Micropollutants in the Road and Parking Lot Runoff-Prevalence and Concentration Ranges in the Targeted Screening · p. 10

    Despite a relatively low LQ (0.02 μg/L), organotins were not detected.

    “Despite a relatively low LQ (0.02 µg/L), organotins were not detected.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning
    § 3.1. Physical-Chemical Characteristics · p. 7

    The DOC distributions were quite similar between V, R and C, while P showed higher concentrations.

    “The DOC distributions were quite similar between V, R and C, while P showed higher concentrations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data
    § 3.1. Physical-Chemical Characteristics · p. 7

    Some outliers in the conductivity distributions were noticeable for C and R.

    “Some outliers in the conductivity distributions were noticeable for C and R.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 3.2. Micropollutants in the Road and Parking Lot Runoff-Prevalence and Concentration Ranges in the Targeted Screening · p. 13

    HBCDD concentrations ranged from 1.5 to 13.8 ng/L and TBBPA from 0.1 to 1.7 ng/L.

    “The concentrations of HBCDD and TBBPA ranged from 1.5 to 13.8 ng/L and 0.1 to 1.7 ng/L, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given
    § 3.2. Micropollutants in the Road and Parking Lot Runoff-Prevalence and Concentration Ranges in the Targeted Screening · p. 9

    For trace metals, all elements were quantified except selenium.

    “For the trace metals, all elements were quantified except selenium.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 3.1. Physical-Chemical Characteristics · p. 7

    In the case of R site, the TSS distribution covered a wide range; very high TSS EMCs were observed for some events.

    “In the case of R site, the TSS distribution covered a wide range; very high TSS EMCs were observed for some events”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 3.2. Micropollutants in the Road and Parking Lot Runoff-Prevalence and Concentration Ranges in the Targeted Screening · p. 13

    PFASs, PBDEs, HBCDD and TBBPA were in the 0.1-10 ng/L range with the exception of BDE-209, which presented much higher concentrations (3.0-72.1 ng/L).

    “The PFASs, PBDEs, HBCDD and TBBPA were in the 0.1-10 ng/L range with the exception of BDE-209, which presented much higher concentrations (3.0-72.1 ng/L).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given
    § 3.2. Micropollutants in the Road and Parking Lot Runoff-Prevalence and Concentration Ranges in the Targeted Screening · p. 10

    For PFASs, important differences in quantification frequencies are observed between congeners, as well as between dissolved or particulate fractions.

    “For PFASs, important differences in quantification frequencies are observed between congeners, as well as between dissolved or particulate fractions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning
    § 4.2. Distribution of Pollutants between Dissolved and Particulate Phase · p. 19

    The Sb distribution in road runoff appeared different from natural nonimpacted rivers and in the same order of magnitude as in anthropized river waters.

    “The Sb distribution in the road runoff appeared different than in natural nonimpacted rivers and in the same order of magnitude as in anthropized river waters.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 3.4. Non-Target Screening: Comparison of Site Signatures and New Compounds of Interest · p. 16

    While the rubber antioxidant 6PPD itself was not detected in the samples, its toxic decomposition product 6PPD-quinone was present in most samples.

    “While the rubber antioxidant 6PPD itself was not detected in the samples, its toxic decomposition product 6PPD-quinone was present in most samples.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 4.1. How Significant Is Road Runoff Contamination? · p. 18

    Non-target screening confirmed the trends observed with targeted micropollutant analyses and provided additional information about traffic-related markers (e.g., DPG) and site-specific compounds.

    “The trends observed with results from targeted micropollutants analyses were confirmed by non-target screening, providing additional information about traffic-related markers (e.g., DPG) but also allowing the identification of site-specific compounds.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 3.4. Non-Target Screening: Comparison of Site Signatures and New Compounds of Interest · p. 16

    Sites V and R each showed very distinct features, with only a minor proportion of markers present at the other sites.

    “Sites V and R each showed very distinct features, with only a minor proportion of markers present at the other sites.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § 4.2. Distribution of Pollutants between Dissolved and Particulate Phase · p. 19

    For BPA and alkylphenols, the dissolved phase was significant: BPA represented more than 45% for all samples, and NP and OP varied between 15% and 75%.

    “In the case of BPA and alkylphenols, and in agreement with previous observations on stormwater [7], the dissolved phase was significant. It represented more than 45% for all samples for BPA and varied between 15% and 75% for NP and OP.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [7] Gasperi, 2014, Micropollutants in Urban Stormwater: Occurrence, Concentrations, and Atmospheric Contributions for a Wide Range of Contaminants in Three French Catchments, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 4.2. Distribution of Pollutants between Dissolved and Particulate Phase · p. 20

    The proportion of particle-bound pollutants was highest for the C site, which was characterized by high TSS concentrations and relatively low DOC concentrations.

    “The proportion of particlebound pollutants was highest for the C site, which was characterized by both high TSS concentrations and relatively low DOC concentrations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 4.2. Distribution of Pollutants between Dissolved and Particulate Phase · p. 20

    The V site presented a singular behavior for HBCDD and PFOS: these compounds were detected only in the particulate fraction at P, C and R sites, but showed a dominant dissolved concentration at the V site.

    “The V site presented a singular behavior for HBCDD and PFOS; while these two compounds were detected only in the particulate fraction for the P, C and R sites, they showed a dominant dissolved concentration at the V site”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 3.4. Non-Target Screening: Comparison of Site Signatures and New Compounds of Interest · p. 16

    These features only represented half the number of features of each site, indicating that site-specific features were still important.

    “These features only represented half the number of features of each site, indicating that site-specific features were still important.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 4.1. How Significant Is Road Runoff Contamination? · p. 18

    Cu and Zn also showed significant but lesser enrichment, with median and average values of 25 and 44 for Cu, and 22 and 21 for Zn, across all sites combined.

    “A significant, but lesser, enrichment was also observed for Cu (25 and 44 median and average values for all the sites combined) and Zn (22 and 21).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 3.4. Non-Target Screening: Comparison of Site Signatures and New Compounds of Interest · p. 16

    Most benzothiazole derivatives and butylphenols were not detected, except 2-hydroxybenzothiazole, aminobenzothiazole and t-butylhydroquinone, although their presence was not definitely confirmed.

    “Most benzothiazole derivatives and butylphenols were not detected, except 2-hydroxybenzothiazole, aminobenzothiazole and t -butylhydroquinone, although their presence was not definitely confirmed (i.e., by injection of the corresponding analytical standards).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 4.1. How Significant Is Road Runoff Contamination? · p. 18

    The enrichment factors for Pb and Cd were lower (median values of 7 and 5, respectively) and did not show a clear trend with traffic density.

    “The enrichment factors for Pb and Cd were lower (median values of, respectively, 7 and 5) and did not show a clear trend with traffic density”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 3.4. Non-Target Screening: Comparison of Site Signatures and New Compounds of Interest · p. 17

    The C and P samples were very close, except for one rain event at the P site (16-05-29).

    “The C and P samples were very close, except for one rain event at the P site (16-05-29).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 3.4. Non-Target Screening: Comparison of Site Signatures and New Compounds of Interest · p. 17

    A series of polyethylene glycols (PEGs) were identified at the high-traffic sites (P and C) and were present at high intensities at those two sites.

    “A series of polyethylene glycols (PEGs) were identified at the high-traffic sites (P and C) and were present at high intensities at those two sites.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 3.4. Non-Target Screening: Comparison of Site Signatures and New Compounds of Interest · p. 16

    Each site exhibited specific features (i.e., a specific chemical composition), and a low proportion of features was generally common between several samples and/or sites.

    “Each site exhibited specific features (i.e., a specific chemical composition), and a low proportion of features was generally common between several samples and/or sites.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 3.4. Non-Target Screening: Comparison of Site Signatures and New Compounds of Interest · p. 17

    A principal component analysis with all features detected at the four sites clearly discriminated between the sites and some rain events.

    “The first principal components (PC1 and PC2) clearly discriminated between the sites and some rain events (Figure S1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 4.1. How Significant Is Road Runoff Contamination? · p. 18

    Cu and Zn followed the same trend as Sb between sites, but Zn showed less variation between contaminated sites (30 and 26 for P and C) and less impacted sites (16 and 12 for R and V).

    “Cu and Zn followed the same trend as Sb between the sites, but in the case of Zn, there was less variation in the enrichment factor between the contaminated sites (30 and 26 for the P and C sites) and the sites less impacted by traffic (16 and 12 for the R and V sites).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 3.3. Inter-Site Variability of Concentrations-Targeted Screening · p. 15

    For PFASs, despite the limited number of rain events sampled, the R site stands out from the other sites as having much higher concentrations but also very different profiles than the other sites.

    “For PFASs, despite the limited number of rain events sampled, the R site stands out from the other sites as having much higher concentrations but also very different profiles than the other sites.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 3.4. Non-Target Screening: Comparison of Site Signatures and New Compounds of Interest · p. 17

    This rain event was especially discriminated within the third component (PC3) and showed features of much higher intensity as compared to other rain events at the P site.

    “This rain event was especially discriminated within the third component (PC3) and showed features of much higher intensity as compared to other rain events at the P site.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 3.4. Non-Target Screening: Comparison of Site Signatures and New Compounds of Interest · p. 16

    DPG was detected in all samples, with the highest intensities at the C site.

    “DPG was detected in all samples, with the highest intensities at the C site, which might be related to the higher proportion of HGV present at this site.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 3.4. Non-Target Screening: Comparison of Site Signatures and New Compounds of Interest · p. 17

    PC1 was especially representative of the very specific features obtained from the R site, while PC2 mostly separated the samples from the low-traffic sites (V and R) from the high-traffic ones (C and P).

    “PC1 was especially representative of the very specific features obtained from the R site, while PC2 mostly separated the samples from the low-traffic sites (V and R) from the high-traffic ones (C and P).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 3.3. Inter-Site Variability of Concentrations-Targeted Screening · p. 13

    The Zn/Cu ratio was lowest for P (median 1.21), higher for V and C (medians 2.9 and 2.6) and highest for R (median 3.6).

    “The Zn/Cu ratio was lowest for P (median 1.21), higher for V and C (respective medians 2.9 and 2.6) and highest for R (median 3.6).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 4.2. Distribution of Pollutants between Dissolved and Particulate Phase · p. 20

    The R and V sites, which presented much lower TSS concentrations, also showed a higher dissolved fraction.

    “The R and V sites, which presented much lower TSS concentrations, also showed a higher dissolved fraction.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation
    § 1. Introduction · p. 3

    Contamination of stormwater by a wide range of metallic and organic micropollutants has been identified.

    “while the contamination of stormwater by a wide range of metallic and organic micropollutants has been identified [6-8]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [6] Bjorklund, 2010, Substance Flow Analyses of Phthalates and Nonylphenols in Stormwater, Water Sci. Technol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [7] Gasperi, 2014, Micropollutants in Urban Stormwater: Occurrence, Concentrations, and Atmospheric Contributions for a Wide Range of Contaminants in Three French Catchments, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [8] Zgheib, 2012, Priority Pollutants in Urban Stormwater: Part 1 — Case of Separate Storm Sewers, Water Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 2.2.2. Non-Targeted Screening Methodology · p. 6

    DTG and DPG have previously been quantified at 10-100 ng/L levels, respectively, in European water resources.

    “DTG and DPG have previously been quantified at 10-100 ng/L levels, respectively, in European water resources [17].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [17] Schulze, 2019, Occurrence of Emerging Persistent and Mobile Organic Contaminants in European Water Samples, Water Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 1. Introduction · p. 3

    Traffic area runoff micropollutants may originate from multiple sources including exhaust gases, abrasion of tires, brakes and other mechanical parts of vehicles, leakage of automotive fluids, leaching from exterior metallic or polymeric materials of vehicles, and erosion or leaching from pavement coating, road paints and urban furniture.

    “They may originate from multiple sources [3,4]: exhaust gases; abrasion of tires, brakes and other mechanical parts of vehicles; leakage of various automotive fluids; leaching from exterior metallic or polymeric materials of vehicles and erosion or leaching from pavement coating, road paints and urban furniture.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [3] Revitt, 2014, The Sources, Impact and Management of Car Park Runoff Pollution: A Review, J. Environ. Manag. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [4] Marsalek, 2020, The Pollution Conveyed by Urban Runoff: A Review of Sources, Sci. Total Environ. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 3.1. Physical-Chemical Characteristics · p. 7

    The slightly basic pH can be explained by the pH of natural soils in the Paris region and the buffering effect of road construction materials.

    “can be explained by the pH of natural soils in this region, as well as the buffering effect of road construction materials.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 1. Introduction · p. 3

    Traffic area runoff has been extensively documented for aggregate parameters like TSS, COD, oils and grease, nutrients, trace metals including Cu, Pb and Zn, and PAHs.

    “Traffic area runoff [5] has been extensively documented for aggregate parameters like total suspended solids (TSS); chemical oxygen demand (COD); oils and grease; nutrients; a range of trace metals, including Cu, Pb and Zn and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [5] Kayhanian, 2012, Review of Highway Runoff Characteristics: Comparative Analysis and Universal Implications, Water Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation
    § Micropollutants in Urban Runoff from Traffic Areas: Target and Non-Target Screening on Four Contrasted Sites · p. 2

    Runoff from trafficked urban areas is recognized as a potentially significant pathway of micropollutants.

    “Although runoff from trafficked urban areas is recognized as a potentially significant pathway of micropollutants”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [1] Pitt, 2008, Integrated Storm-Water Management for Watershed Sustainability, J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [2] Clark, 2006, Urban Wet-Weather Flows, Water Environ. Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 2.2.2. Non-Targeted Screening Methodology · p. 6

    DPG was also reported at up to 300 μg/L in stormwater in Canada.

    “DPG was also reported at up to 300 µg/L in stormwater in Canada [18].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18] Challis, 2021, Occurrences of Tire Rubber-Derived Contaminants in Cold-Climate Urban Runoff, Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation
    § 3.1. Physical-Chemical Characteristics · p. 7

    The wide range of conductivity, TSS and DOC concentrations is typical for urban runoff due to the variability of antecedent dry weather duration, rain depth and rain intensity, but also variations over time at sources, e.g., road salt application in winter.

    “which is typical for urban runoff due to the variability of antecedent dry weather duration, rain depth and rain intensity [5,22], but also variations over time at sources, e.g., road salt application in winter.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [5] Kayhanian, 2012, Review of Highway Runoff Characteristics: Comparative Analysis and Universal Implications, Water Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [22] Lundy, 2012, Risk Prioritisation of Stormwater Pollutant Sources, Water Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 3.1. Physical-Chemical Characteristics · p. 7

    The pH values measured are consistent with the range of pH values usually measured at roads and parking lots.

    “It is consistent with the range of pH values usually measured at roads and parking lots [5,21].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [5] Kayhanian, 2012, Review of Highway Runoff Characteristics: Comparative Analysis and Universal Implications, Water Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [21] Dierkes, 2007, Storm Water Runoff Concentration Matrix for Urban Areas, J. Contam. Hydrol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data
    § 2.1. Study Sites and Sampling Methods · p. 4

    For site R, the representativity of the event mean samples could not be evaluated, as the flow measurements were not reliable during the backwater periods.

    “For site R, the representativity of the event mean samples could not be evaluated, as the flow measurements were not reliable during the backwater periods.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning
    § 2.1. Study Sites and Sampling Methods · p. 4

    At site R, the sampling point was under backwater influence, leading to periods of low velocity and possible stratification of the TSS, which could have induced an overestimation of the particle-bound concentrations for some samples.

    “At site R, however, the sampling point was under backwater influence, leading to periods of low velocity and possible stratification of the TSS, which could have induced an overestimation of the particle-bound concentrations for some samples.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation
    § 1. Introduction · p. 3

    Urban stormwater contributes to the deterioration of the quality of receiving environments.

    “Since the 1980s, numerous studies have demonstrated that urban stormwater contributes to the deterioration of the quality of receiving environments [1,2].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [1] Pitt, 2008, Integrated Storm-Water Management for Watershed Sustainability, J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [2] Clark, 2006, Urban Wet-Weather Flows, Water Environ. Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 2.2.2. Non-Targeted Screening Methodology · p. 6

    6PPD was recently discovered as the precursor of 6PPD-quinone, a product responsible for the high mortality of Pacific Northwest coho salmon exposed to urban runoff.

    “6PPD, a common tire rubber antioxidant, was recently discovered as the precursor of 6PPD-quinone, a product responsible for the high mortality of Pacific Northwest coho salmon exposed to urban runoff [19].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [19] Tian, 2021, A Ubiquitous Tire Rubber–Derived Chemical Induces Acute Mortality in Coho Salmon, Science source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 1. Introduction · p. 3

    Most studies have focused on densely trafficked highways; less information is available for urban roads with lower traffic and for parking lots.

    “Most studies have focused on densely trafficked highways; less information is available for urban roads with lower traffic and for parking lots [3,6,7].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [3] Revitt, 2014, The Sources, Impact and Management of Car Park Runoff Pollution: A Review, J. Environ. Manag. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [6] Bjorklund, 2010, Substance Flow Analyses of Phthalates and Nonylphenols in Stormwater, Water Sci. Technol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [7] Gasperi, 2014, Micropollutants in Urban Stormwater: Occurrence, Concentrations, and Atmospheric Contributions for a Wide Range of Contaminants in Three French Catchments, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation
    § 3.1. Physical-Chemical Characteristics · p. 7

    The slightly basic pH measured at all four sites is typical of urban runoff in the Paris region.

    “The slightly basic pH measured at all four sites is typical of urban runoff in the Paris region”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [5] Kayhanian, 2012, Review of Highway Runoff Characteristics: Comparative Analysis and Universal Implications, Water Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [21] Dierkes, 2007, Storm Water Runoff Concentration Matrix for Urban Areas, J. Contam. Hydrol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given
    § 2.2.2. Non-Targeted Screening Methodology · p. 5

    Samples were analyzed in randomized triplicates to minimize the intra-sequence variability caused by the instrument.

    “Samples were analyzed in randomized triplicates to minimize the intra-sequence variability caused by the instrument.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 3.2. Micropollutants in the Road and Parking Lot Runoff-Prevalence and Concentration Ranges in the Targeted Screening · p. 9

    Gietl et al. showed that Ba (25-361 μg/L) could be considered a tracer of brake dust in urban air and that it correlated highly with Cu and Sb.

    “Gietl et al. [25] showed that Ba (25-361µg/L) could be considered a tracer of brake dust in urban air and that it correlated highly with Cu and Sb.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [25] Gietl, 2010, Identification of Brake Wear Particles and Derivation of a Quantitative Tracer for Brake Dust at a Major Road, Atmos. Environ. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 3.2. Micropollutants in the Road and Parking Lot Runoff-Prevalence and Concentration Ranges in the Targeted Screening · p. 13

    Traffic-related materials are considered to be a potential source of PFASs in road dust.

    “Traffic-related materials are considered to be a potential source of PFASs in road dust [34].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [34] Ahmadireskety, A., Da Silva, B.F., Robey, N.M., Douglas, T.E., Aufmuth, J., Solo-Gabriele, H.M., Yost, R.A., Townsend, T.G., and Bowden, J.A. (2021). Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Street Sweepings. Environ. Sci. Technol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 3.1. Physical-Chemical Characteristics · p. 7

    The higher DOC concentrations at P could be linked to the very dense urban context of the Paris site.

    “This could be linked to the very dense urban context of the Paris site.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 3.2. Micropollutants in the Road and Parking Lot Runoff-Prevalence and Concentration Ranges in the Targeted Screening · p. 13

    PFPeA was also detected in street sweeping from the US, although its contribution was lower than in the present work.

    “PFPeA was also detected in street sweeping from the US, although its contribution was lower than in the present work [34].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [34] Ahmadireskety, A., Da Silva, B.F., Robey, N.M., Douglas, T.E., Aufmuth, J., Solo-Gabriele, H.M., Yost, R.A., Townsend, T.G., and Bowden, J.A. (2021). Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Street Sweepings. Environ. Sci. Technol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 3.2. Micropollutants in the Road and Parking Lot Runoff-Prevalence and Concentration Ranges in the Targeted Screening · p. 12

    A previous study observed significant concentrations of DEHP (mean 3.7 μg/L for street runoff) but patterns dominated by DIDP+DINP (average 17 μg/L for street runoff).

    “A previous study where more congeners within this family were monitored also observed significant concentrations of DEHP (mean concentration of 3.7 µg/L for street runoff) but indicated that the patterns were dominated by diisodecyl + diisononyl phthalates (DIDP + DINP), a technical mixture of phthalates replacing DEHP with an average concentration of 17 µg/L for street runoff [20].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [20] Wicke, D., Matzinger, A., Sonnenberg, H., Caradot, N., Schubert, R.-L., Dick, R., Heinzmann, B., Dünnbier, U., von Seggern, D., and Rouault, P. (2021). Micropollutants in Urban Stormwater Runoff of Different Land Uses. Water, 13. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 3.2. Micropollutants in the Road and Parking Lot Runoff-Prevalence and Concentration Ranges in the Targeted Screening · p. 10

    The non-quantification of oxygenated ethers in runoff could be linked to their very rapid volatilization due to their physical-chemical properties.

    “The non-quantification of oxygenated ethers in the runoff, although they are potentially emitted following the combustion of fuels, could be linked to their very rapid volatilization due to their physical-chemical properties.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 3.2. Micropollutants in the Road and Parking Lot Runoff-Prevalence and Concentration Ranges in the Targeted Screening · p. 13

    Commercial HBCDD has a γ-isomer at about 80-85%, an α-isomer at 8 or 9% and a β-isomer at 6%.

    “In general, commercial HBCDD has a γ -isomer at about 80-85%, an α -isomer at 8 or 9% and a β -isomer at 6%.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [33] Tomy, 2004, Biomagnification of α- and γ-Hexabromocyclododecane Isomers in a Lake Ontario Food Web, Environ. Sci. Technol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation
    § 3.2. Micropollutants in the Road and Parking Lot Runoff-Prevalence and Concentration Ranges in the Targeted Screening · p. 13

    This is in good agreement with Kim and Kannan, who reported a similar pattern in urban surface runoff water.

    “This is in good agreement with Kim and Kannan [35], who reported a similar pattern in urban surface runoff water.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [35] Kim, 2007, Perfluorinated Acids in Air, Rain, Snow, Surface Runoff, and Lakes: Relative Importance of Pathways to Contamination of Urban Lakes, Environ. Sci. Technol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 3.2. Micropollutants in the Road and Parking Lot Runoff-Prevalence and Concentration Ranges in the Targeted Screening · p. 9

    Tire abrasion (Zn, Cu, Cd) and brakes (Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Cd) are major traffic-related sources of these metals, as well as engine and vehicle body wear (Cr, Ni).

    “The abrasion of tires (Zn, Cu and Cd) and brakes (Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Sb and Cd) is a major traffic-related source of these metals, as well as engine and vehicle body wear (Cr and Ni) [4,23,24].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [4] Marsalek, 2020, The Pollution Conveyed by Urban Runoff: A Review of Sources, Sci. Total Environ. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [23] Huber, 2016, Critical Review of Heavy Metal Pollution of Traffic Area Runoff: Occurrence, Influencing Factors, and Partitioning, Sci. Total Environ. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [24] Peikertova, 2016, Influence of the Automotive Brake Wear Debris on the Environment—A Review of Recent Research, SAE Int. J. Mater. Manuf. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 3.2. Micropollutants in the Road and Parking Lot Runoff-Prevalence and Concentration Ranges in the Targeted Screening · p. 10

    Previously reported concentrations of MTBE ranged from 0.03 to 1.9 μg/L.

    “Previously reported concentrations of MTBE ranged from 0.03 to 1.9 µg/L [26-28].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [26] Achten, 2001, Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE) in Urban and Rural Precipitation in Germany, Atmos. Environ. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [27] Borden, 2002, MTBE and Aromatic Hydrocarbons in North Carolina Stormwater Runoff, Environ. Pollut. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [28] Sablayrolles, 2011, Priority Organic Pollutants in the Urban Water Cycle (Toulouse, France), Water Sci. Technol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data
    § 3.2. Micropollutants in the Road and Parking Lot Runoff-Prevalence and Concentration Ranges in the Targeted Screening · p. 12

    The lower PAH contents at R site might indicate a different source of suspended solids, which may be linked to construction work.

    “which might indicate a different source of suspended solids at R site, which may be linked to construction work.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 3.2. Micropollutants in the Road and Parking Lot Runoff-Prevalence and Concentration Ranges in the Targeted Screening · p. 13

    Kim and Kannan reported higher concentrations of PFOA at a site influenced by heavy traffic.

    “In this study, the authors reported higher concentrations of PFOA at a site influenced by heavy traffic.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [35] Kim, 2007, Perfluorinated Acids in Air, Rain, Snow, Surface Runoff, and Lakes: Relative Importance of Pathways to Contamination of Urban Lakes, Environ. Sci. Technol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 3.2. Micropollutants in the Road and Parking Lot Runoff-Prevalence and Concentration Ranges in the Targeted Screening · p. 10

    The non-detection of these molecules resulted from relatively high quantification limits and/or their low presence in the runoff.

    “The non-detection of these molecules resulted from the relatively high quantification limits and/or their low presence in the runoff.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 3.2. Micropollutants in the Road and Parking Lot Runoff-Prevalence and Concentration Ranges in the Targeted Screening · p. 9

    Sb has a clear traffic-related source from brake pad wear and is recognized for its toxicity.

    “Sb is especially relevant, as it has a clear traffic-related source from brake pad wear and is recognized for its toxicity [23,24].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [23] Huber, 2016, Critical Review of Heavy Metal Pollution of Traffic Area Runoff: Occurrence, Influencing Factors, and Partitioning, Sci. Total Environ. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [24] Peikertova, 2016, Influence of the Automotive Brake Wear Debris on the Environment—A Review of Recent Research, SAE Int. J. Mater. Manuf. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 3.2. Micropollutants in the Road and Parking Lot Runoff-Prevalence and Concentration Ranges in the Targeted Screening · p. 10

    An environmental quality standard (EQS) for TBT was set at 0.2 ng/L, which is very low compared to usual LQs.

    “An environmental quality standard (EQS) for TBT was set at 0.2 ng/L [30], which is very low compared to the usual LQs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [30] INERIS (2021). Synthèse Des Valeurs Réglementaires Pour Les Substances Chimiques, En Vigueur Dans l’eau, Les Denrées Alimentaires et Dans l’air En France Au 30 Juin 2020, INERIS.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data
    § 3.2. Micropollutants in the Road and Parking Lot Runoff-Prevalence and Concentration Ranges in the Targeted Screening · p. 12

    Differences in concentrations observed for PAHs or total hydrocarbons are partly due to difference in TSS concentrations but also due to differences in particle contaminations.

    “Similar to metals, the differences in the concentrations observed for PAHs or total hydrocarbons are partly due to the difference in TSS concentrations but also due to the differences in particle contaminations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 3.2. Micropollutants in the Road and Parking Lot Runoff-Prevalence and Concentration Ranges in the Targeted Screening · p. 10

    A recent study indicated that concentrations of oxygenated ethers were below 0.03 μg/L.

    “A recent study indicated that the concentrations of oxygenated ethers were below 0.03 µg/L [20].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [20] Wicke, D., Matzinger, A., Sonnenberg, H., Caradot, N., Schubert, R.-L., Dick, R., Heinzmann, B., Dünnbier, U., von Seggern, D., and Rouault, P. (2021). Micropollutants in Urban Stormwater Runoff of Different Land Uses. Water, 13. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation
    § 3.2. Micropollutants in the Road and Parking Lot Runoff-Prevalence and Concentration Ranges in the Targeted Screening · p. 12

    The levels of benzotriazoles were in the same order of magnitude as those reported in Berlin, Germany.

    “The levels of the benzotriazoles were in the same order of magnitude than those reported [20] in Berlin, Germany.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [20] Wicke, D., Matzinger, A., Sonnenberg, H., Caradot, N., Schubert, R.-L., Dick, R., Heinzmann, B., Dünnbier, U., von Seggern, D., and Rouault, P. (2021). Micropollutants in Urban Stormwater Runoff of Different Land Uses. Water, 13. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 3.1. Physical-Chemical Characteristics · p. 7

    The very high TSS EMCs at R could be explained by the influence of nearby construction work and resuspension of sediment in the stormwater pipe.

    “which could be explained by the influence of nearby construction work and resuspension of sediment in the stormwater pipe.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 3.2. Micropollutants in the Road and Parking Lot Runoff-Prevalence and Concentration Ranges in the Targeted Screening · p. 13

    Such a finding might be related to local, distinct sources or to the transformation of precursors such as FTSAs.

    “Such a finding might be related to local, distinct sources or to the transformation of precursors such as FTSAs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 3.2. Micropollutants in the Road and Parking Lot Runoff-Prevalence and Concentration Ranges in the Targeted Screening · p. 9

    Co and Ti are potentially emitted from traffic areas due to their use in diesel (Co) and white road marking paint (Ti).

    “Co and Ti are potentially emitted from traffic areas [23] due to their use in diesel (Co) and white road marking paint (Ti).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23] Huber, 2016, Critical Review of Heavy Metal Pollution of Traffic Area Runoff: Occurrence, Influencing Factors, and Partitioning, Sci. Total Environ. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 3.2. Micropollutants in the Road and Parking Lot Runoff-Prevalence and Concentration Ranges in the Targeted Screening · p. 10

    The concentration differences between studies could be related to changes in the composition of the petrol.

    “The concentration differences between these studies could be related to changes in the composition of the petrol.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Since 2009, the European directive on specifications for petrol, diesel and gas oils has limited the maximum concentration of MTBE to 15% by volume.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 3.2. Micropollutants in the Road and Parking Lot Runoff-Prevalence and Concentration Ranges in the Targeted Screening · p. 12

    Extensive literature indicates that PAHs are emitted by vehicle traffic via gas exhaust, tire wear and spilled oil.

    “Extensive literature indicates that PAHs are emitted by vehicle traffic via gas exhaust, tire wear and spilled oil [32].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [32] Yunker, 2002, PAHs in the Fraser River Basin: A Critical Appraisal of PAH Ratios as Indicators of PAH Source and Composition, Org. Geochem. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 3.2. Micropollutants in the Road and Parking Lot Runoff-Prevalence and Concentration Ranges in the Targeted Screening · p. 10

    To date, only one study has analyzed LAS in road runoff and pointed out much higher concentrations (43-590 μg/L).

    “To date, only one study has analyzed LAS in road runoff and pointed out much higher concentrations (43-590 µg/L) [28].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [28] Sablayrolles, 2011, Priority Organic Pollutants in the Urban Water Cycle (Toulouse, France), Water Sci. Technol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 3.3. Inter-Site Variability of Concentrations-Targeted Screening · p. 15

    BPA is mainly used as a monomer in the manufacturing of polycarbonate plastics, as well as in epoxy resins; it is also an additive introduced during the production of PVC, varnishes and paints.

    “BPA is mainly used as a monomer in the manufacturing of polycarbonate plastics, as well as in epoxy resins [41]. It is also an additive introduced during the production of PVC, varnishes and paints.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [41] Staples, 2011, Assessing the Chronic Aquatic Toxicity of Phthalate Ester Plasticizers, Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationown data
    § 3.3. Inter-Site Variability of Concentrations-Targeted Screening · p. 13

    Outliers in the distribution curve were observed that might be linked to construction work.

    “As already noted for the conductivity and TSS distributions, outliers in the distribution curve were observed that might be linked to construction work.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data
    § 3.4. Non-Target Screening: Comparison of Site Signatures and New Compounds of Interest · p. 16

    DPG and benzotriazole were unambiguously confirmed, and semi-quantification was performed.

    “DPG and benzotriazole were unambiguously confirmed, and semi-quantification was performed (Table 8).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given
    § 3.3. Inter-Site Variability of Concentrations-Targeted Screening · p. 15

    The C highway is situated in a suburban area, and the immediate surroundings mainly consist of green areas, while the P site is in a very dense city center.

    “The C highway is situated in a suburban area, and the immediate surroundings mainly consist of green areas, while the P site is in a very dense city center.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation
    § 3.4. Non-Target Screening: Comparison of Site Signatures and New Compounds of Interest · p. 16

    Benzotriazole was mostly present at the P and C sites, in accordance with the traffic density and the related emission of particles from tires.

    “Benzotriazole was mostly present at the P and C sites, in accordance with the traffic density and the related emission of particles from tires [43].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [43] Zhang, 2018, Occurrence of Benzothiazole and Its Derivates in Tire Wear, Road Dust, and Roadside Soil, Chemosphere source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 3.3. Inter-Site Variability of Concentrations-Targeted Screening · p. 14

    Wicke et al. observed correlations between some phthalates and traffic, and the release of phthalates could also be linked to the application of plastisol for the protective undercoating of vehicles.

    “As recently proposed by Wicke et al., who observed correlations between some phthalates and traffic, the release of phthalates could also be linked to the application of plastisol for the protective undercoating of vehicles [20].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [20] Wicke, D., Matzinger, A., Sonnenberg, H., Caradot, N., Schubert, R.-L., Dick, R., Heinzmann, B., Dünnbier, U., von Seggern, D., and Rouault, P. (2021). Micropollutants in Urban Stormwater Runoff of Different Land Uses. Water, 13. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 3.4. Non-Target Screening: Comparison of Site Signatures and New Compounds of Interest · p. 16

    Benzothiazole was not detected, which could be related to a higher proportion of this compound in the particulate phase.

    “Benzothiazole was not detected, which could be related to a higher proportion of this compound in the particulate phase.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation
    § 4.1. How Significant Is Road Runoff Contamination? · p. 18

    The traffic-related origin of Sb is demonstrated, Sb being the most enriched element in the Seine River.

    “This demonstrated the traffic-related origin of Sb, the most enriched element in the Seine River [50].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [50] Rauch, S., Morrison, G., Norra, S., and Schleicher, N. Occurrence, Sources and Pathways of Antimony and Silver in an Urban Catchment. Proceedings of the Urban Environment.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 3.3. Inter-Site Variability of Concentrations-Targeted Screening · p. 13

    These ratios appeared low compared to what is usually measured in traffic areas (usual range 3-5), which could be linked to the total extraction of the particulate phase used in our study.

    “These ratios appeared low compared to what is usually measured in traffic areas (usual range cited by Reference [23] was 3-5), which could be linked to the total extraction of the particulate phase used in our study.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23] Huber, 2016, Critical Review of Heavy Metal Pollution of Traffic Area Runoff: Occurrence, Influencing Factors, and Partitioning, Sci. Total Environ. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 3.3. Inter-Site Variability of Concentrations-Targeted Screening · p. 14

    Higher concentrations were expected for organic micropollutants for which significant traffic-related emissions have been documented: total hydrocarbons and PAHs emitted by exhaust gases, tire wear and motor lubricant oils; BPA, NP and OP emitted by brake fluids, car bodies and tires; and phthalates, especially DEHP, emitted by car exhaust and tire abrasions.

    “As such, higher concentrations were expected for organic micropollutants for which significant traffic-related emissions have been documented: total hydrocarbons and PAHs emitted by exhaust gases, tire wear and motor lubricant oils [9] and BPA, NP and OP emitted by brake fluids, car bodies and tires [37,38], as well as phthalates, especially DEHP, emitted by car exhaust [39] and tire abrasions [39”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [9] Markiewicz, 2017, Emissions of Organic Pollutants from Traffic and Roads: Priority Pollutants Selection and Substance Flow Analysis, Sci. Total Environ. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [37] INERIS (2015). Identification Des Sources Résiduelles d’alkylphénols, INERIS.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [38] Lamprea, 2018, Alkylphenol and Bisphenol A Contamination of Urban Runoff: An Evaluation of the Emission Potentials of Various Construction Materials and Automotive Supplies, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [39] Deshayes, S., Gasperi, J., Caupos, E., and Gromaire, M.-C. (2020). Evaluation du Potentiel d’Emission d’Alkylphénols, Bisphénol A et Phtalates par les Matériaux et Consommables Automobiles, HAL. Roulépur—Livrable 2.4.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [40] Alves, 2020, Physical and Chemical Properties of Non-Exhaust Particles Generated from Wear between Pavements and Tyres, Atmos. Environ. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 3.4. Non-Target Screening: Comparison of Site Signatures and New Compounds of Interest · p. 16

    The highest DPG intensities at C site might be related to the higher proportion of HGV present at this site.

    “DPG was detected in all samples, with the highest intensities at the C site, which might be related to the higher proportion of HGV present at this site.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data
    § 3.3. Inter-Site Variability of Concentrations-Targeted Screening · p. 15

    Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of road traffic in the contamination of runoff by PFAS; this trend was not observed here.

    “Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of road traffic in the contamination of runoff by PFAS [35,42]; this trend was not observed here.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [35] Kim, 2007, Perfluorinated Acids in Air, Rain, Snow, Surface Runoff, and Lakes: Relative Importance of Pathways to Contamination of Urban Lakes, Environ. Sci. Technol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [42] Zhao, 2013, Polyfluorinated and Perfluorinated Chemicals in Precipitation and Runoff from Cities Across Eastern and Central China, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given
    § 3.3. Inter-Site Variability of Concentrations-Targeted Screening · p. 13

    For the R site, non-traffic-related contributions were suspected for some samples.

    “For the R site, non-traffic-related contributions were suspected for some samples.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationown data
    § 3.3. Inter-Site Variability of Concentrations-Targeted Screening · p. 13

    Lower Zn/Cu in Paris could be an indicator of a higher contribution from brake pads.

    “Lower Zn/Cu in Paris could be an indicator of a higher contribution from brake pads.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 3.4. Non-Target Screening: Comparison of Site Signatures and New Compounds of Interest · p. 16

    The highest proportion of common features was found between the C samples and the P samples, which might be attributed to high-traffic-related compounds.

    “The highest proportion of common features was found between the C samples and the P samples, which might be attributed to high-traffic-related compounds.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 3.3. Inter-Site Variability of Concentrations-Targeted Screening · p. 13

    This may be explained by differences in traffic fluidity: frequent braking and restarting due to traffic jams at P site can enhance brake pad, tire wear and exhaust-related emissions, while at C site, where traffic was fluid, increased Pb and Zn emissions might be linked to high rate of lorries and presence of a galvanized guardrail.

    “This may be explained by the differences in traffic fluidity: frequent braking and restarting due to traffic jams at the P site can enhance the brake pad, tire wear and exhaust-related emissions, while at C site, where traffic was fluid, increased Pb and Zn emissions might be linked to the high rate of lories and the presence of a galvanized guardrail.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data
    § 3.3. Inter-Site Variability of Concentrations-Targeted Screening · p. 15

    PFAS emissions at R site may be linked to both potential sources and/or illegal dumping from nearby construction work.

    “PFAS emissions at R site may be linked to both potential sources and/or illegal dumping from nearby construction work.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data
    § 4.2. Distribution of Pollutants between Dissolved and Particulate Phase · p. 20

    The singular behavior of HBCDD and PFOS at the V site might indicate a different source of these pollutants at this site or a slightly different nature of the particles.

    “which might indicate both a different source of these pollutants on this site or a slightly different nature of the particles.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § References · p. 21

    Promoting pervious surfaces and on-site infiltration and evapotranspiration in SUDS will induce the accumulation of contaminants in the upper soil layer of SUDS.

    “This will, in turn, induce the accumulation of contaminants in the upper soil layer of SUDS [63].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [63] Tedoldi, 2017, Assessment of Metal and PAH Profiles in SUDS Soil Based on an Improved Experimental Procedure, J. Environ. Manag. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 4.3. Should We Promote On-Site Depollution Systems? · p. 20

    Recent research has highlighted the very fine particle size distribution of TSS in road runoff, which will limit its ability to settle in facilities such as stormwater ponds.

    “Recent research [55,56] has highlighted the very fine particle size distribution of TSS in road runoff, which will limit its ability to settle in facilities such as stormwater ponds.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [55] Flanagan, 2019, Retention and Transport Processes of Particulate and Dissolved Micropollutants in Stormwater Biofilters Treating Road Runoff, Sci. Total Environ. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [56] Hong, 2016, A New Approach of Monitoring and Physically-Based Modelling to Investigate Urban Wash-off Process on a Road Catchment near Paris, Water Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 4.3. Should We Promote On-Site Depollution Systems? · p. 20

    Depollution strategies will show limited efficiency for runoff with relatively low concentrations, such as the V site, because removal efficiency usually decreases with low influent concentrations and irreducible concentration levels are measured at the outlet of all treatment systems.

    “Moreover, depollution strategies will show a limited efficiency for runoff with relatively low concentrations, such as the V site, as the percent of removal efficiency usually decreases with low influent concentrations levels [61], and the irreducible concentration levels are measured at the outlet of all treatment systems [62].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [61] GeoSyntec Consultants, and Urban Water Resources Research Council of ASCE (2021, December 16). Urban Stormwater BMP Performance Monitoring; GeoSyntec Consultants; Washington, DC, USA; Urban Water Resources Research Council of ASCE: Washington, DC, USA, 2002; p. 248, Available online: https://www3.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/montcomplete.pdf.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [62] Larm, 2019, Applying the Parameter “Irreducible Concentration” in Modelling of Stormwater Treatment Facilities, J. Civ. Eng. Archit.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given
    § 4.3. Should We Promote On-Site Depollution Systems? · p. 20

    Trafficked areas clearly appear to be a source of a range of micropollutants for which runoff is a vector that may impact freshwater ecosystems.

    “Trafficked areas clearly appear to be a source of a range of micropollutants for which runoff is a vector that may impact freshwater ecosystems.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 4.3. Should We Promote On-Site Depollution Systems? · p. 20

    Nature-based solutions involving percolation through vegetated soil or substrate show promising results for treating the particulate phase, but several authors have underlined a more limited efficiency for dissolved pollutants, which might be linked to colloidal transport or complexation with DOC and can be worsened by winter salt application.

    “Nature-based solutions (NBS) involving percolation through a vegetated soil or substrate show promising results for the treatment of the particulate phase [10,57]; however, several authors have underlined a more limited efficiency of dissolved pollutants [10,58], which might be linked to colloidal transport or complexation with DOC [55,59] and can be worsened by winter salt”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [10] Flanagan, 2018, Field Performance of Two Biofiltration Systems Treating Micropollutants from Road Runoff, Water Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [57] Li, 2008, Urban Particle Capture in Bioretention Media. I: Laboratory and Field Studies, J. Environ. Eng.-Asce source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [58] LeFevre, 2015, Review of Dissolved Pollutants in Urban Storm Water and Their Removal and Fate in Bioretention Cells, J. Environ. Eng. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [55] Flanagan, 2019, Retention and Transport Processes of Particulate and Dissolved Micropollutants in Stormwater Biofilters Treating Road Runoff, Sci. Total Environ. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [59] Lange, 2020, Metal Speciation in Stormwater Bioretention: Removal of Particulate, Colloidal and Truly Dissolved Metals, Sci. Total Environ. source

      Not checked in the free run.

99 of 99

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In the Paris region, a daily rainfall of less than 10 mm makes up 84% of the annual rainfall, and 80% of the annual rainfall is associated with rainfall intensities inferior to 9 mm/h.

    “In the Paris region, a daily rainfall of less than 10 mm makes up for 84% of the annual rainfall, and 80% of the annual rainfall is associated with rainfall intensities inferior to 9 mm/h.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Since 2009, the European directive on specifications for petrol, diesel and gas oils has limited the maximum concentration of MTBE to 15% by volume.

    “Since 2009, the European directive on specifications for petrol, diesel and gas oils has limited the maximum concentration of MTBE to 15% by volume.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    DEHP is a common plasticizer that is used to produce polymers and, especially, polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

    “Similarly, DEHP is a common plasticizer that is used to produce polymers and, especially, polyvinyl chloride (PVC).”
3 of 3

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Road dust studies in Australia showed higher PFAS levels in high-traffic zones than in industrial areas.

    “Road dust studies in Australia showed higher PFAS levels in high-traffic zones than in industrial areas”

    From Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Urban Stormwater Runoff: Insights from a Roadside Rain Garden (2025) · cites this paper as [48]

    Section 3.2 (p. 13) identifies traffic-related materials as a potential PFAS source in road dust and reports a prior finding of higher PFOA in runoff at a heavy-traffic site. It does not describe Australian road-dust studies or compare high-traffic zones with industrial areas. Section 3.3 (p. 15) says the traffic-related PFAS trend was not observed at this paper’s sites. (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Street runoff PFAS concentrations have been found to exceed those in wastewater treatment effluent by severalfold.

    “street runoff PFAS concentrations have been found to exceed those in wastewater treatment effluent by severalfold [48-51].”

    From Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Urban Stormwater Runoff: Insights from a Roadside Rain Garden (2025) · cites this paper as [48]

    Section 3.2 (p. 13) reports PFAS concentrations in road and parking-lot runoff. It gives no PFAS concentrations for wastewater-treatment effluent, so it does not establish that street runoff exceeds effluent by severalfold. (LLM, conf=0.78)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • PFAS have been found in stormwater from various urban settings: streets, roads, other trafficked, residential, industrial, and commercial areas.

    “PFAS have also been found in stormwater from various urban settings: streets, roads, other trafficked (Gasperi et al., 2022; Kim and Kannan, 2007; Murakami et al., 2009; Xiao et al., 2012), residential (Kim and Kannan, 2007; Xiao et al., 2012), industrial, and commercial (Xiao et al., 2012) areas.”

    From Stormwater discharges affect PFAS occurrence, concentrations, and spatial distribution in water and bottom sediment of urban streams (2025) · cites this paper as Gasperi et al., 2022

  • A possible source of PFUnDA could be traffic-related, as it has been identified as a major component of automotive lubricant oils and has been found in stormwater from highly trafficked areas in Paris.

    “A possible source could be traffic-related, as it has been identified as a major component of automotive lubricant oils (Zhu and Kannan, 2020) and has been found in stormwater from highly trafficked areas in Paris (Gasperi et al., 2022).”

    From Stormwater discharges affect PFAS occurrence, concentrations, and spatial distribution in water and bottom sediment of urban streams (2025) · cites this paper as Gasperi et al., 2022

  • Quantification of these substances in studies examining stormwater samples further supports their association with stormwater runoff.

    “Furthermore, the quantification of these substances in studies examining stormwater samples further supports their association with stormwater runoff (Codling et al., 2020; Gasperi et al., 2022; Houtz and Sedlak, 2012; Kim and Kannan, 2007; Xiao et al., 2012).”

    From Stormwater discharges affect PFAS occurrence, concentrations, and spatial distribution in water and bottom sediment of urban streams (2025) · cites this paper as Gasperi et al., 2022

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • HBCDD partitioning at the parking lot is described in opposite ways

    Major

    One statement says HBCDD was more than 90% particle-bound at all four sites. Another says its dissolved concentration was dominant at the V site, which would make its particulate share less than 50% there.

  • Cadmium occurrence is reported as above 90%, but the table gives 85%

    Minor

    The text says the lower occurrences for Cd and Cr remained above 90%. Table 5 reports a cadmium quantification frequency of 85%.

  • Group 5 was not sampled at the Paris site

    Minor

    The text says two to four runoff samples were collected per site for groups 2, 4 and 5, but Table 2 lists zero group 5 events for Paris.

3 of 3

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Rauch, S., Morrison, G., Norra, S., and Schleicher, N. Occurrence, Sources and Pathways of Antimony and Silver in an Urban Catchment. Proceedings of the Urban Environment.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Gasperi, J., Le Roux, J., Deshayes, S., Ayrault, S., Bordier, L., Boudahmane, L., Budzinski, H., Caupos, E., Caubrière, N., Flanagan, K., Guillon, M., Huynh, N., Labadie, P., Meffray, L., Neveu, P., Partibane, C., Paupardin, J., Saad, M., Varnede, L., & Gromaire, M.-C.
Affiliations
  • GERS-LEE, Université Gustave Eiffel, IFSTTAR, F-44344 Bouguenais, France
  • Leesu, Université Paris Est Creteil, Ecole des Ponts, F-94010 Creteil, France
  • Université Paris-Est Créteil (FR)
  • Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
  • Université Gustave Eiffel (FR)
  • Luleå University of Technology (SE)
  • Centre d'Études et d'Expertise sur les Risques, l'Environnement, la Mobilité et l'Aménagement (FR)
  • STEA, Ville de Paris, F-75000 Paris, France
  • DEA, Conseil Départemental de la Seine St Denis, F-93110 Rosny-sous-Bois, France
  • CEREMA, Equipe de Recherche Team, 12 rue Teisserenc de Bort, F-78190 Trappes, France
Corresponding author
Gromaire, Marie-Christine
ORCID
Venue
Water
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2022-01-27
Volume
14
Issue
3
Pages
394
ISSN
2073-4441 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/w14030394
OpenAlex
W4210503478
Semantic Scholar
349109bcd79696508778d685b3c7d304e5c1618d
Cited by
48
References
60
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 4
FWCI
3.11
Type
journal article
Language
en
Update notices
correction (2022-01-27)
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Water (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Diva portal (Dalarna University Library) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Oskar-Bordeaux (Universite de Bordeaux) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • Agence le l'Eau Seine Normandie (Roulépur)
  • Office Français de la Biodiversité (Roulépur)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Urban Stormwater Management Solutions
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
Keywords
micropollutants, urban runoff, road runoff, parking lot runoff, traffic-related pollution, non-target screening, high-resolution mass spectrometry, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkylphenols, phthalates, dissolved and particulate phases

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-06.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-06.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

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