68Ga-PSMA PET/CT: Joint EANM and SNMMI procedure guideline for prostate cancer imaging: version 1.0
Abstract
The aim of this guideline is to provide standards for the recommendation, performance, interpretation and reporting of 68 Ga-PSMA PET/CT for prostate cancer imaging. These recommendations will help to improve accuracy, precision, and repeatability of 68 Ga-PSMA PET/CT for prostate cancer essentially needed for implementation of this modality in science and routine clinical practice.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Cites
FDG PET/CT: EANM procedure guidelines for tumour imaging: version 2.0
Boellaard, R., Delgado-Bolton, R., Oyen, W. J. G., Giammarile, F., Tatsch, K., Eschner, W., Verzijlbergen, F. J., Barrington, S. F., Pike, L. C., Weber, W. A., et al. (2015) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-014-2961-x · Cited by 3,303 · see citing works
Self-citation(1997) · PubMed · Cited by 1,541 · see citing works
Perera, M., Papa, N. P., Christidis, D., Wetherell, D., Hofman, M. S., Murphy, D. G., Bolton, D. M., & Lawrentschuk, N. (2016) · European Urology · doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2016.06.021 · Cited by 1,009 · see citing works
Eiber, M. J., Maurer, T., Souvatzoglou, M., Beer, A. J., Ruffani, A., Haller, B., Graner, F.-P., Kübler, H. R., Haberhorn, U., Eisenhut, M., et al. (2015) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.115.154153 · Cited by 995 · see citing works
Self-citationAfshar‐Oromieh, A., Avtzi, E., Giesel, F. L., Holland‐Letz, T., Linhart, H., Eder, M., Eisenhut, M., Boxler, S., Hadaschik, B. A., Kratochwil, C., et al. (2014) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-014-2949-6 · Cited by 964 · see citing works
Self-citationAfshar‐Oromieh, A., Zechmann, C. M., Malcher, A., Eder, M., Eisenhut, M., Linhart, H., Holland‐Letz, T., Hadaschik, B. A., Giesel, F. L., Debus, J., et al. (2013) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-013-2525-5 · Cited by 920 · see citing works
Self-citationAfshar‐Oromieh, A., Malcher, A., Eder, M., Eisenhut, M., Linhart, H., Hadaschik, B. A., Holland‐Letz, T., Giesel, F. L., Kratochwil, C., Haufe, S., et al. (2012) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-012-2298-2 · Cited by 919 · see citing works
Self-citationTumor target prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and its regulation in prostate cancer
Ghosh, A., & Heston, W. D. W. (2003) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/jcb.10661 · Cited by 883 · see citing works
Eder, M., Schäfer, M. K.-H., Bauder‐Wüst, U., Hull, W.-E., Wängler, C., Mier, W., Haberkorn, U., & Eisenhut, M. (2012) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc200279b · Cited by 848 · see citing works
Self-citationChang, S. S., Reuter, V. E., Heston, W. D. W., Bander, N. H., Grauer, L. S., & Gaudin, P. B. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 807 · see citing works
Maurer, T., Gschwend, J. E., Rauscher, I., Souvatzoglou, M., Haller, B., Weirich, G., Wester, H., Heck, M. M., Kübler, H. R., Beer, A. J., et al. (2015) · The Journal of Urology · doi:10.1016/j.juro.2015.12.025 · Cited by 778 · see citing works
Self-citationBenešová, M., Schäfer, M. K.-H., Bauder‐Wüst, U., Afshar‐Oromieh, A., Kratochwil, C., Mier, W., Haberkorn, U., Kopka, K., & Eder, M. (2015) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.114.147413 · Cited by 621 · see citing works
Self-citationExpression of prostate-specific membrane antigen in normal, benign, and malignant prostate tissues
Wright, G. L., Haley, C. L., Beckett, M. L., & Schellhammer, P. F. (1995) · Urologic Oncology Seminars and Original Investigations · doi:10.1016/1078-1439(95)00002-y · Cited by 593 · see citing works
Morigi, J. J., Stricker, P. D., van Leeuwen, P. J., Tang, R., Ho, B., Nguyen, Q. A., Hruby, G., Fogarty, G. B., Jagavkar, R., Kneebone, A. B., et al. (2015) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.115.160382 · Cited by 571 · see citing works
Self-citationSimultaneous 68Ga-PSMA HBED-CC PET/MRI Improves the Localization of Primary Prostate Cancer
Eiber, M. J., Weirich, G., Holzapfel, K., Souvatzoglou, M., Haller, B., Rauscher, I., Beer, A. J., Wester, H., Gschwend, J. E., Schwaiger, M., et al. (2016) · European Urology · doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2015.12.053 · Cited by 567 · see citing works
Self-citationWeineisen, M., Schottelius, M., Šimeček, J., Baum, R. P., Yıldız, A., Beykan, S., Kulkarni, H., Laßmann, M., Klette, I., Eiber, M. J., et al. (2015) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.115.158550 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Self-citationUnderstanding the standardized uptake value, its methods, and implications for usage.
Thie, J. A. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 532 · see citing works
Baum, R. P., Kulkarni, H., Schuchardt, C., Singh, A., Wirtz, M., Wiessalla, S., Schottelius, M., Müeller, D., Klette, I., & Wester, H. (2016) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.115.168443 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Self-citationRoss, J. S., Sheehan, C. E., Fisher, H. A. �., Kaufman, R. P., Kaur, P., Gray, K., Webb, I. J., Gray, G. S., Mosher, R. E., & Kallakury, B. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 502 · see citing works
Prostate-specific membrane antigen is produced in tumor-associated neovasculature.
Chang, S. S., O’Keefe, D. S., Bacich, D. J., Reuter, V. E., Heston, W. D. W., & Gaudin, P. B. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Budäus, L., Leyh‐Bannurah, S., Salomon, G., Michl, U. H. G., Hans Heinzer, A., Huland, H., Graefen, M., Steuber, T. P., & Rosenbaum, C. M. (2015) · European Urology · doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2015.06.010 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
Afshar‐Oromieh, A., Hetzheim, H., Kratochwil, C., et al. (2015) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.115.161299 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
Mannweiler, S., Amersdorfer, P., Trajanoski, S., Terrett, J. A., King, D., & Méhes, G. (2008) · Pathology & Oncology Research · doi:10.1007/s12253-008-9104-2 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Comparison of bone scintigraphy and 68Ga-PSMA PET for skeletal staging in prostate cancer
Pyka, T., Okamoto, S., Dahlbender, M., Tauber, R., Retz, M. M., Heck, M. M., Tamaki, N., Schwaiger, M., Maurer, T., & Eiber, M. J. (2016) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-016-3435-0 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Self-citationEvans, M. J., Smith-Jones, P. M., Wongvipat, J., Navarro, V., Kim, S., Bander, N. H., Larson, S. M., & Sawyers, C. L. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1106383108 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Herlemann, A., Wenter, V., Kretschmer, A., Thierfelder, K. M., Bartenstein, P., Faber, C., Gildehaus, F., Stief, C. G., Gratzke, C., & Fendler, W. P. (2016) · European Urology · doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2015.12.051 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Self-citationAhmadzadehfar, H., Eppard, E., Kürpig, S., Fimmers, R., Yordanova, A., Schlenkhoff, C. D., Gärtner, F., Rogenhofer, S., & Essler, M. (2016) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.7245 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Ceci, F., Uprimny, C., Nilica, B., Geraldo, L., Kendler, D., Kroiss, A. S., Bektić, J., Horninger, W., Lukas, P. H., Decristoforo, C., et al. (2015) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-015-3078-6 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Self-citationYuan, T., Veeramani, S., & Lin, M. (2007) · Endocrine Related Cancer · doi:10.1677/erc-07-0061 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer: a review.
Parimi, V., Goyal, R., Poropatich, K., & Yang, X. J. (2014) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 215 · see citing works
68 Ga-Labeled Inhibitors of Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) for Imaging Prostate Cancer
Banerjee, S. R., Pullambhatla, M., Byun, Y., et al. (2010) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jm100623e · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Rahbar, K., Schmidt, M. C., Heinzel, A., Eppard, E., Bode, A., Yordanova, A., Claesener, M., & Ahmadzadehfar, H. (2016) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.116.173757 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
68Ga-PSMA ligand PET/CT in patients with prostate cancer: How we review and report
Rauscher, I., Maurer, T., Fendler, W. P., Sommer, W. H., Schwaiger, M., & Eiber, M. J. (2016) · Cancer Imaging · doi:10.1186/s40644-016-0072-6 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer – a review
Popescu, R., Bratu, O. G., Spînu, A. D., Marcu, D., Farcaș, C., Dinu, M., & Mischianu, D. L. D. (2015) · Romanian Journal of Military Medicine · doi:10.55453/rjmm.2015.118.3.3 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Heck, M. M., Retz, M. M., D’Alessandria, C., Rauscher, I., Scheidhauer, K., Maurer, T., Storz, E., Janssen, F., Schottelius, M., Wester, H., et al. (2016) · The Journal of Urology · doi:10.1016/j.juro.2016.02.2969 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Self-citationRadiation dosimetry of 68Ga-PSMA-11 (HBED-CC) and preliminary evaluation of optimal imaging timing
Afshar‐Oromieh, A., Hetzheim, H., Kübler, W., Kratochwil, C., Giesel, F. L., Hope, T. A., Eder, M., Eisenhut, M., Kopka, K., & Haberkorn, U. (2016) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-016-3419-0 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Self-citationVerburg, F. A., Pfister, D. G., Heidenreich, A., et al. (2015) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-015-3240-1 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Krohn, T., Verburg, F. A., Pufe, T., Neuhuber, W., Vogg, A. T. J., Heinzel, A., Mottaghy, F. M., & Behrendt, F. F. (2014) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-014-2915-3 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Self-citationBeauregard, J., Hofman, M. S., Kong, G., & Hicks, R. J. (2011) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-011-1937-3 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Subdiaphragmatic and intrathoracic paraspinal malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors
Kourea, H. P., Bilsky, M. H., Leung, D. H. Y., Lewis, J. J., & Woodruff, J. M. (1998) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19980601)82:11 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Herrmann, K., Bluemel, C., Weineisen, M., et al. (2015) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.115.156133 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citation68Ga-PSMA PET/CT imaging of metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Demirci, E., Ocak, M., Kabasakal, L., et al. (2014) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-014-2766-y · Cited by 141 · see citing works
First evidence of PSMA expression in differentiated thyroid cancer using [68Ga]PSMA-HBED-CC PET/CT
Verburg, F. A., Krohn, T., Heinzel, A., et al. (2015) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-015-3065-y · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Hijazi, S., Meller, B., Leitsmann, C., et al. (2015) · The Prostate · doi:10.1002/pros.23091 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Giesel, F. L., Sterzing, F., Schlemmer, H., et al. (2016) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-016-3346-0 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationMurga, J. D., Moorji, S. M., Han, A. Q., Magargal, W. W., DiPippo, V. A., & Olson, W. C. (2014) · The Prostate · doi:10.1002/pros.22910 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Sawicki, L. M., Buchbender, C., Boos, J., et al. (2016) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-016-3360-2 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Paget bone disease demonstrated on 68Ga-PSMA ligand PET/CT
Artigas, C., Alexiou, J., Garcia, C. A., et al. (2015) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-015-3236-x · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Thomsen, H. S. (2006) · Medical radiology · doi:10.1007/3-540-27742-0 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Hillier, S., Kern, A. M., Maresca, K. P., Marquis, J. C., Eckelman, W. C., Joyal, J. L., & Babich, J. W. (2011) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.110.086751 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Pfob, C. H., Ziegler, S. I., Graner, F. P., Köhner, M., Schachoff, S., Blechert, B., Wester, H., Scheidhauer, K., Schwaiger, M., Maurer, T., et al. (2016) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-016-3424-3 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationAcceptance testing for nuclear medicine instrumentation
Sokole, E. B., Płachcińska, A., & Britten, A. J. (2010) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-009-1348-x · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Laidler, P. M., Dulińska, J., Lekka, M., et al. (2004) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/j.abb.2004.12.003 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Thomsen, H. S., & Webb, J. A. W. (2014) · Medical radiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-36724-3 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Ahmadzadehfar, H., Schlenkhoff, C. D., Rogenhofer, S., et al. (2016) · Clinical Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.1097/rlu.0000000000001286 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lutetium-177–PSMA-617 for Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Sartor, O., de Bono, J., Chi, K. N., Fizazi, K., Herrmann, K., Rahbar, K., Tagawa, S. T., Nordquist, L. T., Vaishampayan, N., El-Haddad, G., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2107322 · Cited by 2,864 · see citing works
Self-citationEiber, M., Herrmann, K., Calais, J., Hadaschik, B., Giesel, F. L., Hartenbach, M., Hope, T., Reiter, R., Maurer, T., Weber, W. A., et al. (2018) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.117.198119 · Cited by 626 · see citing works
Self-citationE-PSMA: the EANM standardized reporting guidelines v1.0 for PSMA-PET
Ceci, F., Oprea-Lager, D. E., Emmett, L., Adam, J. A., Bomanji, J., Czernin, J., Eiber, M., Haberkorn, U., Hofman, M. S., Hope, T. A., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-021-05245-y · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Self-citationFendler, W. P., Weber, M., Iravani, A., Hofman, M. S., Calais, J., Czernin, J., Ilhan, H., Saad, F., Small, E. J., Smith, M. R., et al. (2019) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-1050 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Self-citationFanti, S., Minozzi, S., Morigi, J. J., Giesel, F., Ceci, F., Uprimny, C., Hofman, M. S., Eiber, M., Schwarzenbock, S., Castellucci, P., et al. (2017) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-017-3725-1 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citationKuo, P. H., Morris, M. J., Hesterman, J., Kendi, A. T., Rahbar, K., Wei, X. X., Fang, B., Adra, N., Garje, R., Michalski, J. M., et al. (2024) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.233460 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationNuclear medicine and molecular imaging advances in the 21st century
Vaz, S. C., Oliveira, F., Herrmann, K., & Veit-Haibach, P. (2020) · The British Journal of Radiology · doi:10.1259/bjr.20200095 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationWerner, R. A., Bundschuh, R. A., Bundschuh, L., Javadi, M. S., Leal, J. P., Higuchi, T., Pienta, K. J., Buck, A. K., Pomper, M. G., Gorin, M. A., et al. (2018) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.118.217588 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Toriihara, A., Nobashi, T., Baratto, L., Duan, H., Moradi, F., Park, S., Hatami, N., Aparici, C. M., Davidzon, G., & Iagaru, A. (2020) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.119.232504 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Ringheim, A., Campos Neto, G. D. C., Anazodo, U., Cui, L., da Cunha, M. L., Vitor, T., Martins, K. M., Miranda, A. C. C., de Barboza, M. F., Fuscaldi, L. L., et al. (2020) · EJNMMI Research · doi:10.1186/s13550-020-0594-6 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Imaging and therapy in prostate cancer using prostate specific membrane antigen radioligands
Naik, M., Khan, S. R., Lewington, V., Challapalli, A., Eccles, A., & Barwick, T. D. (2024) · British Journal of Radiology · doi:10.1093/bjr/tqae092 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
- Authors
- Fendler, W. P., Eiber, M., Beheshti, M., Bomanji, J., Ceci, F., Cho, S., Giesel, F., Haberkorn, U., Hope, T. A., Kopka, K., Krause, B. J., Mottaghy, F. M., Schöder, H., Sunderland, J., Wan, S., Wester, H.-J., Fanti, S., & Herrmann, K.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University College London (GB)
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedliero-Universitaria di Bologna Policlinico di Sant'Orsola (IT)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- German Cancer Research Center (DE)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Universitätsmedizin Rostock (DE)
- Maastricht University Medical Centre (NL)
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (US)
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics (US)
- Technical University of Munich (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Herrmann, Ken
- ORCID
- Venue
- European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
- Published
- 2017-03-10
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1014-1024
- ISSN
- 1619-7070 (ISSN-L)
- 1619-7089
- OpenAlex
- W2591849683
- Cited by
- 750
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 95 · 2022: 115 · 2021: 126 · 2020: 91 · 2019: 80 · 2018: 74 · 2017: 32
- FWCI
- 62.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion)
- Universitätsbibliographie, Universität Duisburg-Essen (submittedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) (submittedVersion)
- mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion)
- RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen) (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
- Royal College of Radiologists
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry and Applications
- Keywords
- 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT, prostate cancer imaging, PSMA ligands
- MeSH terms
- Radiation Exposure, Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography, Antigens, Surface, Europe, Gallium Radioisotopes, Humans, Ligands, Male, Nuclear Medicine, Prostatic Neoplasms, Societies, Medical, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II, Research Report
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
