A Century of Overabundant Ungulates in Yellowstone’s Lamar Valley: First Elk and Now Bison

After decades of intensive herbivory by Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus canadensis), many deciduous plant communities across Yellowstone National Park’s Northern Range began to recover following the mid-1990s reintroduction of gray wolves (Canis lupus), a trophic cascade. However, since the early 2000…