Restoring Yellowstone’s aspen with wolves
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The five-tallest method does not give a representative estimate of the aspen population response.
“Our results suggest that these published trends overestimate trends in the aspen population at large, affirming Ripple & Beschta's (2007) early acknowledgement that the 5T method does not provide a representative estimate of the aspen population response.”
From Non‐random sampling measures the occurrence but not the strength of a textbook trophic cascade (2024) · cites this paper as Ripple & Beschta, 2007
The five-tallest method allowed Ripple and Beschta (2007) to document the first significant growth of young aspen in over half a century.
“While we agree that 5T sampling allowed Ripple and Beschta (2007) to document 'the first significant growth of young aspen in over half century', the occurrence of a height increase says little about the strength of the wolf-elk-aspen trophic cascade, which was the central focus of Brice et al. (2022).”
From Non‐random sampling measures the occurrence but not the strength of a textbook trophic cascade (2024) · cites this paper as Ripple & Beschta, 2007
Aspen is one of several northern range plant communities reported to be involved in a trophic cascade, but those reports have been criticized as artifacts of biased sampling.
“Aspen is one of several NR vegetative communities reported to have been involved in a trophic cascade (Ripple et al. 2001, Ripple & Beschta 2007, Ripple et al. 2013).Those reports have been celebrated as well as criticized (e.g., Kauffman et al. 2010, Eisenberg et al. 2013), in particular, for being an artifact of biased sampling (Winnie 2012, Kauffman et al. 2013).”
From Trophic Cascades in a Multicausal World: Isle Royale and Yellowstone (2014) · cites this paper as Ripple & Beschta 2007
Because reports of aspen recovery come from four watersheds selected a priori for having shown growth, a species-specific trophic cascade may require evidence of widespread growth, and some reports may represent only localized growth.
“Because reports of aspen recovery derive from four watersheds that were selected a priori because they had shown growth (Ripple & Beschta 2007), not unlike 42% of the watersheds exhibiting growth just outside the park boundary, a concern is that a species-specific trophic cascade may require an observation of widespread growth.By contrast, a number of these reports may represent only localized”
From Trophic Cascades in a Multicausal World: Isle Royale and Yellowstone (2014) · cites this paper as Ripple & Beschta 2007
Low densities of Rocky Mountain elk after about 2004 created conditions conducive for new aspen recruitment in YNP's northern ungulate winter range.
“Low densities of Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus canadensis) after about 2004 created conditions conducive for new aspen recruitment in YNP's northern ungulate winter range (northern range).”
From Bison alter the northern Yellowstone ecosystem by breaking aspen saplings (2023) · cites this paper as Ripple & Beschta, 2007
The East sector was where elk densities decreased most rapidly and to the lowest levels in the early 2000s and where new aspen saplings first appeared in response.
“The East sector was where elk densities decreased most rapidly and to the lowest levels in the early 2000s and where new aspen saplings first appeared in response (Painter et al., 2015; Ripple & Beschta, 2007).”
From Bison alter the northern Yellowstone ecosystem by breaking aspen saplings (2023) · cites this paper as Ripple & Beschta, 2007
Browsing pressure was reduced and more spatially variable, and subsequent aspen studies reported new recruitment of aspen saplings.
“Browsing pressure was reduced and more spatially variable, and subsequent aspen studies reported new recruitment of aspen saplings (Beschta et al., 2023; Painter et al., 2014, 2015; Ripple & Beschta, 2007, 2012).”
From Bison alter the northern Yellowstone ecosystem by breaking aspen saplings (2023) · cites this paper as Ripple & Beschta, 2007
On the YNP northern range, aspen saplings were rare during much of the 20th century due to intensive browsing by elk, but this began to change as elk densities decreased inside the park following wolf reintroduction in the late 1990s.
“On the YNP northern range, aspen saplings were rare during much of the 20th century due to intensive browsing by elk, but this began to change as elk densities decreased inside the park following wolf reintroduction in the late 1990s as part of large carnivore restoration (Painter et al., 2015; Ripple & Beschta, 2007).”
From Bison alter the northern Yellowstone ecosystem by breaking aspen saplings (2023) · cites this paper as Ripple & Beschta, 2007
Ripple and Beschta (2007) and Painter et al. (2015) found that heights of young aspen were positively correlated with the presence of fallen trees.
“Ripple and Beschta (2007) and Painter et al. (2015) found that heights of young aspen were positively correlated with the presence of fallen trees.”
From Bison alter the northern Yellowstone ecosystem by breaking aspen saplings (2023) · cites this paper as Ripple and Beschta (2007)
There is some evidence that approximately 10 years after willow, in the mid to late 2000s, aspen may also be releasing.
“there is some evidence that approximately 10 years after willow (mid to late 2000s), aspen may also be releasing (Ripple and Beschta 2007; E. Larsen, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, personal communication).”
From The History and Current Status and Distribution of Beavers in Yellowstone National Park (2012) · cites this paper as Ripple and Beschta 2007
A release of aspen stems may be occurring in some areas about a decade after willow.
“a release of aspen stems may be occurring in some areas (Ripple and Larsen 2000, Ripple and Beschta 2007, E. Larsen, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, personal communication).”
From The History and Current Status and Distribution of Beavers in Yellowstone National Park (2012) · cites this paper as Ripple and Beschta 2007
Within approximately a decade after wolf reintroduction, young cottonwoods and aspen, as well as other deciduous species, began to grow taller in various portions of the Northern Range, providing a new cohort of saplings and small trees.
“Within approximately a decade after wolf reintroduction, young cottonwoods and aspen, as well as other deciduous species, began to grow taller in various portions of the Northern Range, thus providing a new cohort of saplings [≥2 m tall and <5 cm in diameter at breast height (dbh)] and small trees (5-10 cm dbh) (Beschta and Ripple 2007, 2015; Ripple and Beschta 2007; Painter et al. 2015).”
From A Century of Overabundant Ungulates in Yellowstone’s Lamar Valley: First Elk and Now Bison (2026) · cites this paper as Ripple and Beschta 2007
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“Based on previous studies (Ripple and Beschta, 2004b; Fortin et al., 2005; Mao et al., 2005; Beyer, 2006), we hypothesized that aspen would be taller (1) in riparian areas than in upland areas, (2) at sites with downed logs, (3) away from conifer forest edges, and (4) near roads.”
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“Investigating the complex predator/ prey behavioral dynamics involving wolves and elk (e.g., Creel et al., 2005 ), while considering effects of other large carnivores, weather events, and wildfire on aspen recruitment within a context of altered anthropogenic processes, such as historic hunting and burning (White et a…”
BackgroundWHAT DETERMINES THE STRENGTH OF A TROPHIC CASCADE?
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Reframing ecosystem management in the era of climate change: Issues and knowledge from forests
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Reintroducing the Dingo: Can Australia's Conservation Wastelands be Restored?
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Recovering Riparian Plant Communities with Wolves in Northern Yellowstone, U.S.A.
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Self-citationWolves, elk, and aspen in the winter range of Jasper National Park, Canada
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Self-citationChronic effects of an invasive species on an animal community
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Sampling bias exaggerates a textbook example of a trophic cascade
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Trophic cascades linking wolves (Canis lupus), coyotes (Canis latrans), and small mammals
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Deconstructed cat communities: Quantifying the threat to felids from prey defaunation
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Effects of gray wolf‐induced trophic cascades on ecosystem carbon cycling
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“…in willow, aspen, and cottonwood that appear to have undergone resurgence in growth due to decreased elk herbivory following the gray wolf reintroduction (Beyer et al. 2007, Ripple and October 2016 v Volume 7(10) v Article e015016 v www.esajournals.org Beschta 2007, Beschta and Ripple 2014).”
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African Environmental Change from the Pleistocene to the Anthropocene
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Savanna tree-grass competition is modified by substrate type and herbivory
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An Australian perspective on rewilding
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Self-citationSeasonal diet of the northern river otter (<i>Lontra canadensis</i>): what drives prey selection?
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Trophic cascades at multiple spatial scales shape recovery of young aspen in Yellowstone
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Yellowstone Wolves and the Forces That Structure Natural Systems
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The Northern Rocky Mountain Gray Wolf Is Not Yet Recovered
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Recoupling fire and aspen recruitment after wolf reintroduction in Yellowstone National Park, USA
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Ripple, W. J., & Beschta, R. L.
- Affiliations
- Oregon State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ripple, William J.
- Venue
- Biological Conservation
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-09
- Volume
- 138
- Issue
- 3-4
- Pages
- 514-519
- ISSN
- 0006-3207 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2143086806
- Cited by
- 319
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 19.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biological Conservation (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Rangeland and Wildlife Management
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Ecology and biodiversity studies
- Keywords
- wolf reintroduction, elk browsing, aspen regeneration, Populus tremuloides, trophic cascades, predation risk, riparian vegetation, vegetation dynamics, Yellowstone National Park
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