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Donor age and long-term culture affect differentiation and proliferation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells (BM-hMSCs) represent a promising cell-based therapy for a number of degenerative conditions. Many applications require cell expansion and involve the treatment of diseases and conditions found in an aging population. Therefore, the effects of donor age and long-term passage must be clarified. In this study, the effects of donor age and long-term passage on the morphology, proliferation potential, characteristics, mesodermal differentiation ability, and transdifferentiation potential of hMSCs towards neurogenic lineage were evaluated. Cells from child donors (0-12 years, n = 6) maintained their fibroblast-like morphology up to higher passages and proliferated in a greater number than those from adult (25-50 years, n = 6) and old (over 60 years, n = 6) donors. Adipogenic, osteogenic, and neurogenic differentiation potential decreased with age, while chondrogenic potential did not change. Long-term passage affected the morphology and proliferation of hMSCs from all ages. With increasing passage number, proliferation rate decreased and cells lost their typical morphology. Expression levels of neural markers (β III tubulin and NSE) and topo II isoforms in populations of nondifferentiated hMSCs were investigated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis. While neural marker and topo IIβ expression levels increased due to increasing passage number in adult hMSCs compared to child hMSCs, topo IIα decreased in both. These results indicated that, even under highly standardized culture conditions, donor age and long-term passage have effects on hMSC characteristics, which should be taken into account prior to stem cell-based therapies.
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“with older donors of BM-MSCs having lower proliferation rates [246], [249] and osteogenic [246], [248], adipogenic and neurogenic [248] capacities.”
From Mesenchymal stem cell secretome for regenerative medicine: Where do we stand? (2025) · cites this paper as [248]
In the citing paper
“In addition, the number of MSC passage [246], [247], [248] and the donor variability [246], [247], [248] cannot be ignored since MSC activity and, thus, the properties of MSC-secretome can be affected by donor age and sex [246], [248], [249]”
From Mesenchymal stem cell secretome for regenerative medicine: Where do we stand? (2025) · cites this paper as [248]
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“However, the use of MSCs has a number of limitations, including decreasing ability of these cells to multiply during multiple passages, spontaneous differentiation into various cell lines during the passage process, and the need to use MSCs autologously in the treatment process [30].”
BackgroundIsolation of Alveolar Type II Cells from Adult Bovine Lung
Lee, D., & Chambers, M. A. (2019) · Current Protocols in Toxicology · doi:10.1002/cptx.71 · Cited by 5
Comparison of Fat Harvested from Flank and Falciform Regions for Stem Cell Therapy in Dogs
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Olenic, M., Baekelandt, A., Philips, C., Weiland, F., & Thorrez, L. (2025) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-025-09180-8 · Cited by 4
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The role of primed and non-primed MSC-derived conditioned media in neuroregeneration
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“…painful and invasive procedure for the donor and the cell yield, as well as cell lifespan, proliferative capacity, and differentiation potential, decreases with increasing donor age, it is still an important source of stem cells for transplantation in certain medical conditions (Zaim et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMechanical conditioning of human mesenchymal stem cells for enhancing vascular regeneration
Massidda, M. W., Im, B. G., Lee, J., & Baker, A. B. (2023) · STAR Protocols · doi:10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102103 · Cited by 4
“The in vitro age or passage number of the MSCs is also highly important to their multipotency and overall regenerative potential.(11) The MSCs used in our published study were between passage 3–6, and we recommend following these criteria to obtain reproducible results.”
MethodGender-Specific Differences in Human Vertebral Bone Marrow Clot
Salamanna, F., Contartese, D., Borsari, V., Pagani, S., Sartori, M., Tschon, M., Griffoni, C., Giavaresi, G., Tedesco, G., Bròdano, G. B., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241411856 · Cited by 4
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“The age of MSC donors is difficult to control, especially due to the requirement of using autologous cells to prevent immune reactions [10].”
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“These observations are in line with previous studies where increased passage number of MSCs linked to occurrence of replicative senescence causing a decrease in proliferation ability, differentiation capacity, and cloning efficiency by SCNT (Zaim et al., 2012; Lee et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResultMechanical Rejuvenation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Aged PatientsPreprint
Massidda, M. W., Demkov, A., Sices, A., Lee, M., Lee, J., Paull, T. T., Kim, J., & Baker, A. B. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.06.06.597781 · Cited by 5
Donor Variability and 3D Culture Models Influence Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation
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Evaluation of Stem Cell Therapies in a Bilateral Patellar Tendon Injury Model in Rats
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Bone Substitution in Spine Fusion: The Past, the Present, and the Future
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Stemness distinctions between the ectomesenchymal stem cells from neonatal and adult mice
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“Collagen synthesis is also facilitated, which is necessary for wound closure (Zaim et al. 2012).”
Akhmetzyanova, E. R., Shulman, I., Fakhrutdinova, T., Rizvanov, A. A., & Mukhamedshina, Y. O. (2025) · Biologics · doi:10.3390/biologics5040037 · Cited by 2
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InfluentialSiu, W. S., Ma, H., Ko, C., Shiu, H. T., Cheng, W., Lee, Y. W., Kot, C. H., Leung, P., & Lui, P. P. Y. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12182222 · Cited by 2
“Moreover, the loss of multi-potency in aged stem cells also contributed to ageing and age-related disease [54].”
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“The threshold of P conf was specified based on prior works where MSCs were passaged before confluency reached 90% (Bruder et al. 1997; Zaim et al. 2012), and that of N cell was determined based on the previously described dose for myocardial infarction (Lipsitz et al. 2016).”
Lemos, V. P. A., PORTO, M., CEZAR, R. D. S., dos Santos, B. P., de Souza, M. R., da Silva, J., Nardi, N. B., & Camassola, M. (2022) · Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências · doi:10.1590/0001-3765202220211246 · Cited by 2
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Age effect on mesenchymal stem cell properties: a concise review
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“BM-MSCs were cultured in low-glucose Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) (Hyclone Laboratories Inc., Schenectady, NY, USA) supplemented with 15% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Hyclone), 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 mg/mL streptomycin, and L-glutamine in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO 2 at 37 ◦ C.”
Jeon, H. H., Salas, M. C. C., Park, K., Fisher, L., Ha, S., Palmer, C., Chan, F., & Graves, D. T. (2025) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2025.117512 · Cited by 1
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“Finally, even though BM-MSCs were isolated from donors aged between 20 and 30 years old, there were still differences in donor ages between BM-MSCs, something known to affect cell phenotype 54,55 which might play a role in some of the differences we observed between BM-MSC groups.”
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“In addition to immunogenicity concerns of allogeneic donors,[12] MSC quality varies with age and health status [13].”
BackgroundAcquisition and medical application of pooled mesenchimal stem cells
Rynda, E., Antonevich, N., & Goncharov, A. (2020) · Immunopathology Allergology Infectology · doi:10.14427/jipai.2020.2.26
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Teunissen, M. (2022) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · doi:10.33540/1077
A Preview of Selected Articles
Atkinson, S. P. (2019) · Stem Cells · doi:10.1002/stem.3033
Monterosso, M. E. (2022) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.236375
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“decline in fitness as they enter into senescence state, which is morphologically characterized by enhanced spreading area and shape irregularity (Zaim et al., 2012).”
BackgroundCell-Based Therapies in Clinical Pain Management
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Metadata
- Authors
- Zaim, M., Karaman, S., Cetin, G., & Isik, S.
- Affiliations
- Fatih University (TR)
- Şişli Etfal Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi (TR)
- Venue
- Annals of Hematology
- Published
- 2012-03-08
- Volume
- 91
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1175-1186
- ISSN
- 0939-5555 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0584
- OpenAlex
- W1978468353
- Cited by
- 294
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 8.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Annals of Hematology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Mesenchymal stem cell research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Pluripotent Stem Cells Research
- Keywords
- mesenchymal stem cells, bone marrow, donor age, cellular aging, cell proliferation, multilineage differentiation, neurogenic differentiation, transdifferentiation, topoisomerase II, neural markers, stem cell therapy
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aging, Bone Marrow Cells, Cell Differentiation, Cells, Cultured, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Time Factors, Tissue Donors, Cell Proliferation, Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Primary Cell Culture
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