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Donor age and long-term culture affect differentiation and proliferation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells (BM-hMSCs) represent a promising cell-based therapy for a number of degenerative conditions. Many applications require cell expansion and involve the treatment of diseases and conditions found in an aging population. Therefore, the effects of donor age and long-term passage must be clarified. In this study, the effects of donor age and long-term passage on the morphology, proliferation potential, characteristics, mesodermal differentiation ability, and transdifferentiation potential of hMSCs towards neurogenic lineage were evaluated. Cells from child donors (0-12 years, n = 6) maintained their fibroblast-like morphology up to higher passages and proliferated in a greater number than those from adult (25-50 years, n = 6) and old (over 60 years, n = 6) donors. Adipogenic, osteogenic, and neurogenic differentiation potential decreased with age, while chondrogenic potential did not change. Long-term passage affected the morphology and proliferation of hMSCs from all ages. With increasing passage number, proliferation rate decreased and cells lost their typical morphology. Expression levels of neural markers (β III tubulin and NSE) and topo II isoforms in populations of nondifferentiated hMSCs were investigated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis. While neural marker and topo IIβ expression levels increased due to increasing passage number in adult hMSCs compared to child hMSCs, topo IIα decreased in both. These results indicated that, even under highly standardized culture conditions, donor age and long-term passage have effects on hMSC characteristics, which should be taken into account prior to stem cell-based therapies.
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“with older donors of BM-MSCs having lower proliferation rates [246], [249] and osteogenic [246], [248], adipogenic and neurogenic [248] capacities.”
From Mesenchymal stem cell secretome for regenerative medicine: Where do we stand? (2025) · cites this paper as [248]
In the citing paper
“In addition, the number of MSC passage [246], [247], [248] and the donor variability [246], [247], [248] cannot be ignored since MSC activity and, thus, the properties of MSC-secretome can be affected by donor age and sex [246], [248], [249]”
From Mesenchymal stem cell secretome for regenerative medicine: Where do we stand? (2025) · cites this paper as [248]
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Koken, G. Y., Abamor, E. Ş., Allahverdiyev, A., & Karaöz, E. (2022) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.xphs.2022.08.016 · Cited by 19
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“Nevertheless, scalability remains limited because successive replications of MSCs and long-term culture to acquire large quantities of cells may affect their properties (Lee et al., 2009; Zaim et al., 2012).”
BackgroundNew insights into the immunomodulatory role of exosomes in cardiovascular disease
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“However, major concerns such as the formation of teratomas (Jeong et al., 2011), immune rejection (Lalit et al., 2014), risk of embolization (Furlani et al., 2009), and low survival (Zaim et al., 2012) have hindered their clinical application.”
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“1 × 10(5) P1 cells were seeded into a 100-mm diameter culture dish containing 10 mL of MSCGM, incubated in 37°C, 5% CO2 incubator, and harvested after 7 days to get P2 cells[16,17].”
MethodQuality Evaluation of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Cartilage Repair
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“[65] M.”
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“On the other hand, increasing donor age accelerates changes in hMSC morphology, and cells become enlarged in the culture even at early passages [31].”
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“9 To leverage the therapeutic potential of autologous cells, it is essential to develop effective methods that target and instruct MSCs for improved bone formation in the elderly.”
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“Indeed, the extensive ex vivo expansion over several passages may introduce the risk of genetic instability and chromosomal abnormalities as well as an alteration of the biological properties of the MSCs [42].”
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“Furthermore, donor age may also affect the differentiation potential of MSCs [26-28].”
From skeletal development to the creation of pluripotent stem cell-derived bone-forming progenitors
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“However, multiple passages of in vitro cultivation gradually decrease the therapeutic properties of stem cells by weakening their proliferation and multipotent differentiation potential, eventually leading to treatment failure (Truong et al. 2019; Zaim et al. 2012).”
BackgroundDonor Sex and Passage Conditions Influence MSC Osteogenic Response in Mineralized Collagen Scaffolds
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“The use of undifferentiated cells could probably achieve the best outcome, since multipotent cells have an high capability of proliferating and differentiating in younger people.(25) Although pediatric treatments require very long follow-ups to be judged appropriate, another major critical point is the lack of long-te…”
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“It is well known that MSC properties are affected by factors such as donor age, gender, and harvest site (Zaim et al., 2012; Martin et al., 2016; Rolandsson Enes et al., 2016; Mehrian et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMultinuclear MRI Reveals Early Efficacy of Stem Cell Therapy in Stroke
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“Indeed, significant work in the literature has been dedicated to evaluating therapeutic variability based on donor variance [10–12] and/or cell handing procedures [13, 14].”
BackgroundSu, X., Jing, H., Yu, W., Lei, F., Wang, R., Hu, C., Li, M., Lin, T., Zhou, H., Wang, F., et al. (2020) · Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A · doi:10.1002/jbm.a.36958 · Cited by 13
Qiu, L., Xie, M., Zhou, M., Liu, X., Hu, Z., & Wu, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.630353 · Cited by 13
“…used in preclinical studies and clinical trials are mainly isolated from bone marrow and adipose tissue; these sources may be limited in a single donor and may cause heterogeneity (Phinney et al., 1999; Pevsner-Fischer et al., 2011; Zaim et al., 2012; McLeod and Mauck, 2017; Huang et al., 2019).”
BackgroundWang, S., Mundada, L. V., Johnson, S., Wong, J. H., Witt, R. G., Ohye, R. G., & Si, M. (2015) · Stem Cells Translational Medicine · doi:10.5966/sctm.2014-0240 · Cited by 14
Katsiani, E., Garas, A., Skentou, C., Tsezou, A., Messini, C. I., Dafopoulos, K. C., Daponte, A. I., & Messinis, I. (2016) · Cell and Tissue Banking · doi:10.1007/s10561-016-9559-4 · Cited by 13
Szöke, K., Daňková, J., Buzgo, M., Amler, E., Brinchmann, J. E., & Østrup, E. (2016) · Process Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2016.10.011 · Cited by 12
Non-Genomic Hallmarks of Aging—The Review
Holmannová, D., Borský, P., Kovaříková, H., Štveráková, T., Vošmik, M., Hruška, L., Fiala, Z., & Borská, L. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms242015468 · Cited by 13
“They found that the potential for adipogenic, osteogenic and neurogenic differentiation declines with age, whereas chondrogenic differentiation is preserved [170].”
BackgroundMo, J., Hu, H., Li, P., Yang, Y., Chen, W., Chen, L., Qiao, J., Zhao, X., Yan, Q., & Chen, C. (2025) · Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13287-024-04097-1 · Cited by 12
“They also have a limited ability for proliferative senescence and are more likely to be pro-inflammatory when generated from older donors [31– 33].”
Wang, C., Ge, F., Ge, F., Xu, Z., & Jiang, J. (2025) · Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13287-025-04290-w · Cited by 13
“Donor age can also affect the proliferation and differentiation potential of MSCs, with MSCs from younger donors exhibiting less damage and better proliferation [108].”
Wang, K., Chen, X., & Ren, J. (2014) · Stem Cells and Development · doi:10.1089/scd.2014.0337 · Cited by 12
“Age, an important confounding factor for liver failure, is associated with severity of clinical complications and functional activity of stem cells [41–43].”
Heng, B. C., Saxena, P., & Fussenegger, M. (2014) · Journal of Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.01.021 · Cited by 12
Choi, G., Cho, Y., Yu, S. J., Baek, J., Lee, M.-S., Kim, Y., Lee, E., & Im, S. G. (2020) · ACS Applied Bio Materials · doi:10.1021/acsabm.0c00844 · Cited by 12
Alizadeh, R., Boroujeni, M. E., Kamrava, S. K., Tehrani, A. M., Bagher, Z., Heidari, F., Bluyssen, H. A. R., & Farhadi, M. R. (2021) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00225 · Cited by 12
Heggebö, J., Haasters, F., Polzer, H. W., Schwarz, C., Saller, M. M., Mutschler, W., Schieker, M., & Prall, W. C. (2014) · Orthopedic Reviews · doi:10.4081/or.2014.5242 · Cited by 13
Shin, E., Jeong, S., Lee, J. E., Jeong, D. S., Han, D. K., Hong, S., & Lee, D. R. (2024) · Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13287-024-03684-6 · Cited by 11
“Furthermore, MPCs have a limited cell growth capacity in culture; therefore, it is difficult to obtain sufficient quantities for clinical use [8–10].”
BackgroundVirant‐Klun, I., Omejec, S., Štimpfel, M., Škerl, P., Novaković, S., Jančar, N., & Bokal, E. V. (2019) · Stem Cell Reviews and Reports · doi:10.1007/s12015-019-09889-0 · Cited by 11
Mesenchymal stromal cell therapy for coronavirus disease 2019: which? when? and how much?
Shahani, P., & Datta, I. (2021) · Cytotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.04.004 · Cited by 12
“Christy et al. [100] showed that although AD-MSCs and BM-MSCs both expressed TF/CD142, the expression varied drastically between donors and population doublings, indicating a pro-coagulant phenotype.”
InfluentialPhermthai, T., Suksompong, S., Tirawanchai, N., Issaragrisil, S., Julavijitphong, S., Wichitwiengrat, S., Silpsorn, D., & Pokathikorn, P. (2012) · Stem Cells and Development · doi:10.1089/scd.2012.0371 · Cited by 11
“Previous studies have reported the loss of differentiation potential in stem cells cultured for extended passages derived from various sources, such as embryonic stem cells [4], MSCs obtained from adipose [5], and bone marrow [6].”
Orthogonal potency analysis of mesenchymal stromal cell function during ex vivo expansion
Khong, D., Li, M., Singleton, A., Chin, L.-Y., Mukundan, S., & Parekkadan, B. (2017) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.11.007 · Cited by 11
Tabatabaei, F. S., & Ai, J. (2017) · Regenerative Medicine · doi:10.2217/rme-2017-0029 · Cited by 11
“Therefore, identification of other sources of MSC in hard tissue engineering could help to sorting out these difficulties [19,20].”
Niu, J.-W., Li, Y., Chen, X., Sheng, H., Tian, C., Ning, H., Hu, J., Chen, J., Li, B., Wang, J., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1436653 · Cited by 10
Hong, G., Zhou, Y., Yang, S., Yan, S., Lu, J., Xu, B., Zhan, Z., Jiang, H.-S., Wei, B., & Wang, J. (2024) · Stem Cells · doi:10.1093/stmcls/sxae057 · Cited by 10
Mesenchymal stromal cell therapies for traumatic neurological injuries
Wang, X., Wang, Q., Xia, Z., Yang, Y., Dai, X., Zhang, C., Wang, J., & Xu, Y. (2024) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-024-05725-3 · Cited by 10
“The collection of BM requires an invasive procedure and the age of the BM donor affects the proliferation rate and long-term differentiation capacity of BM-MSC [101].”
Fukushima, K., Itaba, N., Kono, Y., Okazaki, S., Enokida, S., Kuranobu, N., Murakami, J., Enokida, M., Nagashima, H., Kanzaki, S., et al. (2021) · Regenerative Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.reth.2021.08.004 · Cited by 11
“It is generally supposed that the quality of MSCs, assessed by proliferative and differentiation abilities, declines with age [46,47].”
BackgroundCasado‐Díaz, A., Dorado, G., Giner, M., Montoya-García, M.-J., Navarro-Valverde, C., Díez‐Pérez, A., & Quesada‐Gómez, J. M. (2019) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-019-00533-0 · Cited by 10
Bahir, B., Choudhery, M. S., & Hussain, I. (2020) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.93217 · Cited by 12
Feehan, J., Smith, C., Tripodi, N., Degabrielle, E., Saedi, A. A., Vogrin, S., Duque, G., & Levinger, I. (2021) · JBMR Plus · doi:10.1002/jbm4.10561 · Cited by 10
“Age-related deterioration of MPCs leads to reduced proliferation,((3)) diminished osteogenesis,((4)) and an increased tendency toward adipogenic differentiation,((5)) with detrimental effects on musculoskeletal health such as onset of frailty, osteoporosis, and sarcopenia.”
BackgroundStem cell-based hydrogel for the repair and regeneration of cartilage
Yao, Z., You, X., Wang, X., Kang, Y., Kang, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2024) · Chinese Chemical Letters · doi:10.1016/j.cclet.2024.110607 · Cited by 9
Li, L., Han, S., Huang, Y., Hou, J., & Hua, Y. (2023) · Stem Cells International · doi:10.1155/2023/7074703 · Cited by 9
Metadata
- Authors
- Zaim, M., Karaman, S., Cetin, G., & Isik, S.
- Affiliations
- Fatih University (TR)
- Şişli Etfal Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi (TR)
- Venue
- Annals of Hematology
- Published
- 2012-03-08
- Volume
- 91
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1175-1186
- ISSN
- 0939-5555 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0584
- OpenAlex
- W1978468353
- Cited by
- 294
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 8.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Annals of Hematology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Mesenchymal stem cell research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Pluripotent Stem Cells Research
- Keywords
- mesenchymal stem cells, bone marrow, donor age, cellular aging, cell proliferation, multilineage differentiation, neurogenic differentiation, transdifferentiation, topoisomerase II, neural markers, stem cell therapy
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aging, Bone Marrow Cells, Cell Differentiation, Cells, Cultured, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Time Factors, Tissue Donors, Cell Proliferation, Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Primary Cell Culture
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