Cited by 432Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome ResearchMyofascial pain diagnosis and treatmentMusculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation

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Prevalence of fibromyalgia in general population and patients, a systematic review and meta-analysis

Heidari, Fatemeh, Afshari, Mahdi, Moosazadeh, Mahmood·2017·Rheumatology International

DOI 10.1007/s00296-017-3725-2

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Abstract

This study aims to estimate the reliable prevalence of fibromyalgia using meta-analysis method. Available databanks were searched using appropriate keywords. According to the heterogeneity between the results (indicated by Cochrane and I square indices), random- or fixed-effects model was applied to combine the point prevalences. Meta-regression models were used to assess the suspected factors in the heterogeneity. In 65 selected papers, 81 evidences regarding prevalence of fibromyalgia among 3,609,810 subjects from general population and specific groups were investigated. The total prevalences (95% confidence intervals) of fibromyalgia among general population, women, men, patients referring to rheumatology and internal departments, patients with Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), hemodialysis patients and those with type 2 diabetes mellitus were estimated as of 1.78% (1.65, 1.92), 3.98% (2.80, 5.20), 0.01% (-0.04, 0.06), 15.2% (13.6, 16.90), 12.9% (12.70, 13.10), 6.30% (4.60, 7.90) and 14.80% (11.10, 18.40), respectively. In addition, prevalence of fibromyalgia in specified groups varied from 3.90% in hemodialysis patients to 80% in patients suffering from Behcet syndrome. This meta-analysis showed that prevalence of fibromyalgia in general population was significantly lower than that in populations with some diseases.

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Background
RECURSOS TERAPÊUTICOS PARA A FIBROMIALGIA: UMA REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA
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Influential
The Influence of Rehabilitation Programs on the Mental State and Quality of Life in Patients with Fibromyalgia: A Comparative Cohort Study from Romania
Borze, T. F., Pallag, A., CIOBANU, D. I., Kalman, K., Ciurba, A.-P., Suciu, R. N., Muresan, M. E., & Nistor-Cseppento, C. D. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph22101553 · Cited by 1
“Fi-bromyalgia Fi-bromyalgia affects between 0.2% and 6.6% of the world’s population, particularly women between the ages of 30 and 50 [3,4].”
Influential
Obesity as a Disruptor of the Pain Inhibition Response in Fibromyalgia: A Pooled Multi‐Trial Analysis of 521 Patients
Caumo, W., Pacheco‐Barrios, K., Lacerda, G. J. M., França, B. R., & Fregni, F. (2025) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.70145 · Cited by 1
“Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic pain syndrome affecting 2%–8% of the global population (Heidari et al. 2017), characterised by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue and cognitive disturbances, which markedly impair quality of life (Häuser et al. 2015).”
Traditional Chinese medicine techniques for the management of fibromyalgia: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Silva, H. L., Santos, A. A. F., Monteiro, A. B., Sousa, M. R., & Rodrigues, J. M. (2025) · Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1007/s13596-025-00865-3 · Cited by 1
“…estimate a global prevalence of 1.25–5%, with higher rates among women (Queiroz 2013; Creed 2020; Sarzi-Puttini et al. 2020; Jiao et al. 2021; Sauch Valmana et al. 2022; Duhn et al. 2024), although some reports suggest underdiagnosis in men may obscure prevalence estimates (Heidari et al. 2017).”
Influential
Evidence-Based Self-Management Strategies for Fibromyalgia: Foundations for Digital Therapeutic Applications
Foustoukos, T. L., Leclercq, I., Blanchard, M., & Hügle, T. (2025) · Interactive Journal of Medical Research · doi:10.2196/67523 · Cited by 1
Prevalence and synergistic impact of neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia on disability and quality of life in multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional study
Ağırman, M., Cantürk, İ. A., & Üşen, A. (2025) · Rheumatology International · doi:10.1007/s00296-025-06040-w · Cited by 1
A bibliometric analysis of research on fibromyalgia and physical function based on the Web of Science core collection
Denche-Zamorano, Á. M., Salas-Gómez, D., Vega-Muñoz, A., Tomás-Carús, P., Castillo-Paredes, A., Parraça, J. A., & Adsuar, J. C. (2026) · Egyptian Rheumatology and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s43166-025-00368-8 · Cited by 1
“FM is estimated to affect approximately 2–4% of the general population [9, 10], although some research suggests that prevalence could be as high as 8% worldwide [9, 10].”
Health self-efficacy and general health in fibromyalgia: hope, hopelessness, and role functioning as serial mediators
Starks, V. A., Toussaint, L. L., Sirois, F. M., Dezutter, J., Schelling, J., Kohls, N., Offenbächer, M., & Hirsch, J. K. (2026) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-026-00632-y · Cited by 1
“…and females which, although reflective of clini - cal cohorts, is indicative of well-established diagnostic and access-related health disparities (Heidari et al., 2017 ; Marques et al., 2017; Walitt et al., 2016); thus, our findings may not be generalizable to other demographic and patient…”
Correlation between Self-Perceived Voice Handicap and Symptoms of Autonomic Nervous System in Patients with Fibromyalgia Syndrome: A Questionnaire-based Observational Study
Uthman, I. W., Ghzayel, L., Semaan, Z. M., Sarkis, V., Labibidi, G., Moussawi, M. A., Daou, A. M., Feghali, P. A. R., Zeineddine, N., & Hamdan, A. (2026) · Journal of Voice · doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2026.01.022 · Cited by 1
Fibromyalgia Analog Model index analysis demonstrates the predictive validity of the Dahl S rat as a model of fibromyalgia
Ferrari, L. F., Wilkinson, A., Ramirez, A., Kuchenbecker, J. A., Jay Neitz, A., Mauck, M., & Taylor, N. E. (2025) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003883 · Cited by 1
Predicting Nonresponse to Multicomponent Treatment in Fibromyalgia
López-García, R., Serrat, M., Sanabria‐Mazo, J. P., Pérez‐Aranda, A., Almirall, M., Delgadillo, J., Espelt, A., Luciano, J. V., Nieto, R., & Feliu‐Soler, A. (2026) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000001367 · Cited by 1
Sensory Processing Sensitivity and Maladaptive Personality Traits in Chronic Pain Conditions: A Network Analysis Perspective
Cavicchioli, M., Nimbi, F. M., Bottiroli, S., Guglielmi, D., Castelli, L., & Galli, F. (2026) · Pain Research and Management · doi:10.1155/prm/8005108 · Cited by 1
“Nevertheless, individuals with fbromyalgia also experience other distressing somatic and cognitive-afective symptoms, such as fatigue, sleep disturbances, cognitive impairment, and emotional distress [11–13].”
Axial spondyloarthritis patients with comorbid fibromyalgia feel worse, work less and more often try multiple biological therapies: results from a population-based, cross-sectional study investigating the discriminative capacity of pressure algometry
Brink, A., Mogård, E., Lindqvist, E., Sagard, J., Roseman, C., Geijer, M., Olsen, J. K., Wallman, J. K., & Olofsson, T. (2026) · Rheumatology International · doi:10.1007/s00296-026-06140-1 · Cited by 1
HOTFy: randomised clinical trial for hyperbaric oxygen therapy in fibromyalgia
Neto, J. D. M., Junior, A. F. [. M., Martins, A. F. M., de Landa, A. T., Fraga, R. C., de Souza, V. A., & Raposo, N. R. B. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-112284 · Cited by 1
Invisible pain, visible impact: the urgent need to prioritise women’s health in rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases
Carmona, L., Kloppenburg, M., Nikiphorou, E., Sharma, A., Oancea, A., Home, R. D., & Green, F. (2026) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ard.2026.05.015 · Cited by 1
Towards an individualised approach to pain management in inflammatory arthritis
Rutter‐Locher, Z., Denk, F., Taams, L. S., Kirkham, B. W., & Bannister, K. (2026) · Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease · doi:10.1177/1759720x261452012 · Cited by 1
Prevalence of Rheumatic Disorders in Geriatric Population
Hirsch, J. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-44234-7_1 · Cited by 1
Fibromyalgia Syndrome in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Cüzdan, N., Akkuş, G., Sarpel, T., Sert, M., & Nazlıcan, E. (2022) · Cyprus Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.4274/cjms.2020.2928 · Cited by 1
“FMS prevalence is found to be higher in specific populations such as inflammatory bowel disease, chronic hepatitis C, hyperprolactinemia and hemodialysis patients and diabetes mellitus.(7) Diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2 is also a chronic disease, mainly characterized by sensorial abnormalities which can mimic the”
Background
Kronik hastalıklarda duygu düzenleme: Kalp ve damar sistemi hastalıkları, kanser, migren, fibromiyalji ve sedef hastalığı üzerine bir derleme
Ezgi, T. U. N. A. (2023) · Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.57127/kpd.26024438m000084x · Cited by 1
Acupuncture for fibromyalgia: An evidence map 针灸治疗纤维肌痛:证据图
Shi, L.-J., Hu, X.-Y., Tian, Z., et al. (2023) · 世界针灸杂志：英文版 · doi:10.1016/j.wjam.2023.07.001 · Cited by 1
Fibromyalgia in patients with non‐psychotic mental disorders: Prevalence, associated factors and validation of a brief screening instrument
Zinchuk, M., Kustov, G., Tumurov, D. A., Zhuravlev, D., Bryzgalova, Y., Spryshkova, M., Yakovlev, A. A., & Guekht, A. B. (2024) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.4730 · Cited by 3
“We found that the prevalence of FM in patients with non-psychotic mental disorders was higher than that found in the meta-analysis by Heidari et al. (2017) for the general population (1.78%).”
Influential
Internet-delivered exposure therapy was cost-effective for increasing treatment response in fibromyalgia
Goel, A. (2019) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/acpjc-2019-170-2-011 · Cited by 1
“8%) and patients with such chronic diseases as rheumatologic disorders (15%) and irritable bowel syndrome (13%) (1).”
Background
Prevalence and impact of fibromyalgia on disease activity in a sample of Iraqi patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Gorial, F. I., Ahmad, W. S., & Abbood, H. S. (2021) · Archives of Medical Science - Civilization Diseases · doi:10.5114/amscd.2021.109683 · Cited by 1
“This finding is in agreement with 9 previous studies and with a one in 2017 for patients suffering from the same problem, in which the prevalence of FMS among women was 8–9-fold greater than that among men, and pain and disability were as high as in RA, which affects the personal activity and recreation, leading to oc…”
Inmunorreactividad antineural sérica en pacientes con fibromialgia. Estudio preliminar
de la Cruz-Aguilera, D. L., Cabrera, D. M., Rodríguez-Pérez, C. E., Martínez‐Flores, F., Hernández, M. E., Becerril‐Villanueva, E., Pérez‐Sánchez, G., Pavón, L., & Aguirre‐Cruz, L. (2022) · Gaceta Médica de México · doi:10.24875/gmm.21000638 · Cited by 1
Proof of concept of a treatment for fibromyalgia based on physical activity, psychological support, and exposure to nature (NAT-FM)Preprint
Sanabria‐Mazo, J. P., Serrat, M., Canedo, C. M., Feliu‐Soler, A., Almirall, M., Méndez-Ulrich, J. L., Luciano, J. V., & Sanz, A. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/hyc86 · Cited by 1
Fibromyalgia syndrome and myofascial pain syndromes
Häuser, W., & Fitzcharles, M. (2022) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119701170.ch30 · Cited by 1
Evidence for nonprescription analgesics in fibromyalgia treatment remains limited
Hemstreet, B. A. (2018) · Pharmacy Today · doi:10.1016/j.ptdy.2018.03.011
Periton Diyalizi ve Hemodiyaliz Uygulanan Hastalarda Fibromiyalji Sendromu
Sargın, G., Şentürk, T., & Akdam, H. (2018) · Sakarya Medical Journal · doi:10.31832/smj.421257
Dyspareunia in Female Fibromyalgia patients
Hefny, M., Abdelnaby, M., Moneim, N. H. A., et al. (2019) · Evidence Based Women s Health Journal · doi:10.21608/ebwhj.2019.45501
“Fibromyalgia (FM) syndrome is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders with unknown cause involving adults especially women aged 20–55[2].”
Background
Epidemiologie chronisch degenerativer Erkrankungen (diseasome of physical inactivity) und nicht onkologischer Schmerzsyndrome
Laube, W. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-60512-7_1
The Senses Fibromyalgia
Staud, R. M. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805408-6.00035-x
Understanding Fibromyalgia 2020
Schreibman, C. (2020) · Physician Assistant Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.cpha.2020.09.002
The challenge of painful fibromyalgia – cervical exam to improve the therapeutic approach?
Schirmer, M. (2020) · Archives of Rheumatology & Arthritis Research · doi:10.33552/arar.2020.01.000507
“From epidemiological data we know that FM is diagnosed more often in patients with migraine (31%), physical injury and extreme stress (15%) or cervical radiculopathy (12%) [1].”
Background
Maladie de Lyme : « la fin des controverses ? »
Coiffier, G., & Tattevin, P. (2021) · Revue du Rhumatisme · doi:10.1016/j.rhum.2020.12.002
Pre-operative weight, BMI and the incidence of obesity co-morbidities vary by sex in bariatric surgery patients: analysis of 166,601 women and men with obesity
Connors, C., Gott, M. L., & Slotman, G. J. (2020) · Advances in Obesity Weight Management & Control · doi:10.15406/aowmc.2020.10.00315
“(%) Probability Mental Health Diagnosis 14,779 (11) 2,410 (7) <.”
Background
Consideration of Fibromyalgia in the Assessment and Treatment of SLE
Fung, W. A., & Touma, Z. (2021) · Current Treatment Options in Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s40674-021-00181-2 · Cited by 1
“As mentioned previously, fibromyalgia is prevalent amongst SLE patients, with estimates ranging from 15–20% (4, 5).”
Background
Fibromyalgia and sleep
Tsai, P., Kang, J., Chiu, H., Wang, M., & Fang, S. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822963-7.00095-5
The Functional Syndromes as Fibromyalgia Comorbidities
Atzeni, F., Gerratana, E., Masala, I. F., & Alciati, A. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-78638-0_12
The Medical Community Should Make the Unified Disease Concept, Definition, and Diagnostic Criterion of Medically Unexplained Pain (or Symptoms)
Toda, K. (2021) · Trends journal of sciences research · doi:10.31586/ojms.2021.145
“The prevalence of FM is approximately 2% [3].”
Background
Evaluation of the Fibromyalgia and Related Risk Factors in Patients with Advanced Kidney Failure Undergoing Hemodialysis
Seyedmardani, S. M., Abkhiz, S., Megrazi, A., et al. (2021) · Current Rheumatology Reviews · doi:10.2174/1573397117666211021170438
ANÁLISE DO PERFIL DE PACIENTES COM DIAGNÓSTICO DE FIBROMIALGIA ATENDIDOS NO SETOR DE FISIOTERAPIA DO MUNICÍPIO DE MONTANHA-ES
Alves, J. S., Amorim, P. B., Santos, A. G. D. S., et al. (2021) · RECIMA21 - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar · doi:10.47820/recima21.v2i10.811
Fibromyalgiesyndrom – Pathophysiologie
Broscheit, J. (2022) · Deutsche Zeitschrift für Akupunktur · doi:10.1007/s42212-021-00436-y
Fibromyalgia in patients with migraine: A literature review in the last 20 years
Fortes, Y. M. L., Souza, W. P. D. O., & Silva‐Néto, R. P. (2022) · Headache Medicine/Revista Headache Medicine · doi:10.48208/headachemed.2021.44
Surgeons, Especially Orthopedic Surgeons Should Know Fibromyalgia and Incomplete Form of Fibromyalgia
Toda, K. (2018) · Austin Journal of Surgery · doi:10.26420/austinjsurg.2018.1148
“The prevalence of fibromyalgia (FM) is approximately 2% [1], and the prevalence of Chronic Widespread Pain (CWP) (incomplete form or early stage of FM) is approximately 10% [2], and the prevalence of Chronic Regional Pain (CRP) (incomplete form or early stage of CWP) is at least the prevalence of CWP worldwide [3].”
Background

Authors: Heidari, F., Afshari, M., & Moosazadeh, M.
Affiliations: Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences (IR)
Zabol University of Medical Sciences (IR)
Corresponding author: Moosazadeh, Mahmood
ORCID: Afshari, Mahdi
Moosazadeh, Mahmood
Venue: Rheumatology International
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2017-04-26
Volume: 37
Issue: 9
Pages: 1527-1539
ISSN: 0172-8172 (ISSN-L)
1437-160X
DOI: 10.1007/s00296-017-3725-2
OpenAlex: W2609172362
Cited by: 432
References: 76
Citations by year: 2026: 61 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6
FWCI: 2.59
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (unspecified)
Locations: Rheumatology International (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Research
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Myofascial pain diagnosis and treatment
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
Keywords: fibromyalgia, prevalence, general population, sex differences, hemodialysis patients, Behçet's disease, irritable bowel syndrome, type 2 diabetes, comorbidities, rheumatology patients
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Female, Fibromyalgia, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Young Adult

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Prevalence of fibromyalgia in general population and patients, a systematic review and meta-analysis

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