Cited by 432Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome ResearchMyofascial pain diagnosis and treatmentMusculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation

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Prevalence of fibromyalgia in general population and patients, a systematic review and meta-analysis

Heidari, Fatemeh, Afshari, Mahdi, Moosazadeh, Mahmood·2017·Rheumatology International

DOI 10.1007/s00296-017-3725-2

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Abstract

This study aims to estimate the reliable prevalence of fibromyalgia using meta-analysis method. Available databanks were searched using appropriate keywords. According to the heterogeneity between the results (indicated by Cochrane and I square indices), random- or fixed-effects model was applied to combine the point prevalences. Meta-regression models were used to assess the suspected factors in the heterogeneity. In 65 selected papers, 81 evidences regarding prevalence of fibromyalgia among 3,609,810 subjects from general population and specific groups were investigated. The total prevalences (95% confidence intervals) of fibromyalgia among general population, women, men, patients referring to rheumatology and internal departments, patients with Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), hemodialysis patients and those with type 2 diabetes mellitus were estimated as of 1.78% (1.65, 1.92), 3.98% (2.80, 5.20), 0.01% (-0.04, 0.06), 15.2% (13.6, 16.90), 12.9% (12.70, 13.10), 6.30% (4.60, 7.90) and 14.80% (11.10, 18.40), respectively. In addition, prevalence of fibromyalgia in specified groups varied from 3.90% in hemodialysis patients to 80% in patients suffering from Behcet syndrome. This meta-analysis showed that prevalence of fibromyalgia in general population was significantly lower than that in populations with some diseases.

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“However, a systematic review of FM in both men and women around the globe found that the prevalence of the disorder is similar in both sexes, accounting for 2.40% of men and 3.98% of women [33].”
Influential
Chronic musculoskeletal pain disorder and its associated mental health conditions, comorbidities and psychosocial risk predictors
Hamed, S. A., Hamed, E. A., & Fawzy, M. (2026) · World Journal of Clinical Cases · doi:10.12998/wjcc.v14.i15.120217
Impact of a Mediterranean Diet Supplemented with Extra Virgin Olive Oil on Gut Microbiota in Fibromyalgia: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Durán‐González, E., Ramírez‐Tejero, J. A., Martín, I. S. M., Lora, A. T., Sánchez, M. P., Morano, R. G., Díaz-López, C., Martínez‐Lara, A., Díaz, M. A., & Marín, D. C. (2026) · Life · doi:10.3390/life16060894
“Despite its prevalence, estimated at between 2–4% of the world’s population according to the most complete meta-analysis conducted in 2017 by Heidari et al. [2], the etiopathogenesis of the disease remains unknown.”
Large language model-assisted virtual reality application for fibromyalgia neuropathic pain rehabilitation integrated with traditional Chinese Tai Chi: An interaction design perspective with EEG-Based cognitive assessment
Teng, J., & Cho, S. (2026) · Displays · doi:10.1016/j.displa.2026.103558
Beyond Pain: Psychological Profiles in Chronic Migraine Compared With Fibromyalgia and Their Comorbidity
Cangelosi, M., Cavicchioli, M., Mesce, M., Torelli, A., Benfante, A., Romeo, A., Nimbi, F. M., Castelli, L., Ghiotto, N., Sances, G., et al. (2026) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.70304 · Cited by 1
“However, other epidemiological and clinical studies, particularly those based on treatment-seeking samples, continue to report a substantially higher prevalence of FM in women, often ranging from 70% to over 90% of cases [ 62, 68, 103 ].”
“I’m not a good enough mom”: Exploring the motherhood experience in women with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS)
Khodabakhshi‐Koolaee, A., & Sadeghipour, F. (2026) · Revista Colombiana de Reumatología (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.rcreue.2026.504864
A correlação entre fibromialgia e disfunção temporomandibular (DTM): revisão de literatura.
Azevedo, D. T. D. M., Soares, L. E. N., Castro, M. L., & Lopes, C. R. P. (2026) · RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber · doi:10.51473/rcmos.v1i1.2026.2465
Fibromyalgia in cancer patients: a systematic review and clinical implications for integrated care
Prete, M., Porciello, G., Palumbo, E., Vitale, S., Marchesini, M., Bimonte, S., Prato, F., Cuomo, A., Cascella, M., Grimaldi, M., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Pain Research · doi:10.3389/fpain.2026.1851474
Effect of photobiomodulation on pain and quality of life in fibromyalgia syndrome: a systematic review
A, S. G., Maiya, G. A., Shetty, S., Abrahamse, H., Kadavigere, R., Dr Shyamasunder Bhat, N., & N, S. K. (2026) · Lasers in Medical Science · doi:10.1007/s10103-026-04930-4
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Is Associated with Increased Risk of Fibromyalgia: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Su, Y.-J., Liang, Y.-C., Chen, Y.-P., Hsu, W., Chang, H.-C., Tseng, Y.-C., Wei, H.-C., Chen, C., & Gau, S. (2026) · Life · doi:10.3390/life16071059
“Fibromyalgia affects approximately 2% of the global population, with a higher prevalence in females than in males [7].”
Fibromyalgia in patients with psoriatic arthritis: Relationship with clinical features of the disease and dynamics of symptoms during therapy with adalimumab, netakimab and methotrexate
Av, P., Sokolova, L. A., Petrov, A. А., & Shevnina, Y. O. (2026) · Rheumatology Science and Practice · doi:10.47360/1995-4484-2026-305-310
Understanding fibromyalgia beyond pain: emotional imbalance and the case for compassionate care
Pinto, A. M., Luís, M., Calabrese, L. H., Geenen, R., & da Silva, J. A. P. (2026) · RMD Open · doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2026-006861
Panax ginseng Extract Improves Fibromyalgia-like Symptoms in Mice: Involvement of Hippocampal BDNF–CREB Signaling
Kim, H., Lee, J.-A., Kang, S., Kwon, J., Kim, J., Cha, M., Jung, Y. H., & Lee, J. B. (2026) · Pharmacognosy Magazine · doi:10.1177/09731296261474292
Symptom Response to Low-Dose Naltrexone in Fibromyalgia: An Exploratory Analysis of the Randomized Placebo-Controlled FINAL Trial
Nielsen, M. J., Vægter, H. B., & Bruun, K. D. (2026) · Pain Management Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2026.07.020
Investigating the effectiveness of the strain counterstrain technique in women with fibromyalgia syndrome: A randomised controlled trial
Demir, İ., & Aktürk, S. (2026) · Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.30569/adiyamansaglik.1929467
Infralimbic cortex neurostimulation attenuates nociceptive and affective manifestations in a reserpine-induced fibromyalgia model.
de Brito, R. C. O., Bendaña-Córdoba, F. R., Coimbra, N. C., Medeiros, P., & de Freitas, R. D. (2026) · Physiology and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2026.115492
Transcriptome-wide analysis of alternative splicing in women with fibromyalgia highlights GNLY as an immune candidatePreprint
Bruns, Y., & Neumann, A. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.09.08.750016
Fibromyalgia beyond pain: a multisystemic dysregulation framework
Serrat, M., Estanyol, S., Cifre, D., Lizama-Lefno, A., Araya‐Quintanilla, F., Nieto, R., Suso‐Ribera, C., & Almirall, M. (2026) · Pain Management · doi:10.1080/17581869.2026.2734039
AAPT Fibromyalgia Criteria and Concomitant Musculoskeletal Diagnoses in a Referral-Based Pain Clinic Cohort: A Retrospective Pilot Study
Casarella, A., Rania, V., Vocca, C., Marcianò, G., Torta, R., Palleria, C., Antonazzo, V., Mastrangelo, V., Emerenziani, G. P., Oranges, F. P., et al. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14203478
Evaluating patient-reported outcome measurement in fibromyalgia clinical trials: a cross-sectional meta-research analysis of alignment with IMMPACT recommendations
Moore, M., Keeler, H., Kocour, L., Calvert, N. I., Lackey, M., Livsey, T., Langerman, R., Nguyen, A. L., Mukherjee, A., Ford, A. I., et al. (2026) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-026-04393-8
“Fibromyalgia affects millions of individuals worldwide, yet it remains a poorly understood chronic pain disorder that places a substantial burden on patients through functional impairment and a subsequent reduction in independent living [ 1– 3 ].”
Drug treatments for fibromyalgia: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised trials
Zeraatkar, D., Lima, J. P., Kirsh, S., Ling, M., Movahed, H., Li, H., Huynh, A., Jassal, T., Walch, A., Lahiji, M. R., et al. (2026) · BMJ Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjmed-2026-002902
Study protocol for microneurographic investigation of nociceptor sensitisation in fibromyalgia syndrome (MICRO-FMS)
Ajay, E. A., Khan, F. F. S., Bhattacharjee, A., Pickering, A. E., & Dunham, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Pain Research · doi:10.3389/fpain.2026.1911020
“The primary analysis will use the de-weighted prior Beta(1,4).”
Persistent Fibromyalgia-like symptom presentation in Long COVID-associated chronic musculoskeletal pain: a longitudinal cohort studyPreprint
Silva-Passadouro, B., Delis, I., Casson, A. J., Brown, C. A., Astill, S. L., & Sivan, M. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.10.07.26364942
Evaluación diagnóstica, tratamiento y calidad de vida en la fibromialgia: revisión sistemática
Riofrío-Vega, A. N., Artos-Lozada, E. N., Briones-Bosmediano, I. T., & Morales-Rojas, H. R. (2026) · Cuaderno de odontología. Revista científica. · doi:10.62574/vxuk1rap
Cost-effectiveness of adjunctive hyperbaric oxygen therapy for fibromyalgia: an economic evaluation alongside a single-centre randomised controlled trial in Brazil
Neto, J. D. M., de Souza, V. A., Cabral, P. H. O., Junior, A. F. [. M., Chaoubah, A., & Raposo, N. R. B. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-115739

Authors: Heidari, F., Afshari, M., & Moosazadeh, M.
Affiliations: Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences (IR)
Zabol University of Medical Sciences (IR)
Corresponding author: Moosazadeh, Mahmood
ORCID: Afshari, Mahdi
Moosazadeh, Mahmood
Venue: Rheumatology International
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2017-04-26
Volume: 37
Issue: 9
Pages: 1527-1539
ISSN: 0172-8172 (ISSN-L)
1437-160X
DOI: 10.1007/s00296-017-3725-2
OpenAlex: W2609172362
Cited by: 432
References: 76
Citations by year: 2026: 61 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6
FWCI: 2.59
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (unspecified)
Locations: Rheumatology International (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Research
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Myofascial pain diagnosis and treatment
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
Keywords: fibromyalgia, prevalence, general population, sex differences, hemodialysis patients, Behçet's disease, irritable bowel syndrome, type 2 diabetes, comorbidities, rheumatology patients
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Female, Fibromyalgia, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Young Adult

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Prevalence of fibromyalgia in general population and patients, a systematic review and meta-analysis

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