Cited by 432Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome ResearchMyofascial pain diagnosis and treatmentMusculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation

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Prevalence of fibromyalgia in general population and patients, a systematic review and meta-analysis

Heidari, Fatemeh, Afshari, Mahdi, Moosazadeh, Mahmood·2017·Rheumatology International

DOI 10.1007/s00296-017-3725-2

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Abstract

This study aims to estimate the reliable prevalence of fibromyalgia using meta-analysis method. Available databanks were searched using appropriate keywords. According to the heterogeneity between the results (indicated by Cochrane and I square indices), random- or fixed-effects model was applied to combine the point prevalences. Meta-regression models were used to assess the suspected factors in the heterogeneity. In 65 selected papers, 81 evidences regarding prevalence of fibromyalgia among 3,609,810 subjects from general population and specific groups were investigated. The total prevalences (95% confidence intervals) of fibromyalgia among general population, women, men, patients referring to rheumatology and internal departments, patients with Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), hemodialysis patients and those with type 2 diabetes mellitus were estimated as of 1.78% (1.65, 1.92), 3.98% (2.80, 5.20), 0.01% (-0.04, 0.06), 15.2% (13.6, 16.90), 12.9% (12.70, 13.10), 6.30% (4.60, 7.90) and 14.80% (11.10, 18.40), respectively. In addition, prevalence of fibromyalgia in specified groups varied from 3.90% in hemodialysis patients to 80% in patients suffering from Behcet syndrome. This meta-analysis showed that prevalence of fibromyalgia in general population was significantly lower than that in populations with some diseases.

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Background
Characterization of β-cyclodextrin/myrtenol complex and its protective effect against nociceptive behavior and cognitive impairment in a chronic musculoskeletal pain model
Heimfarth, L., dos Anjos, K. S., de Carvalho, Y. M. B. G., dos Santos, B. L., Serafini, M. R., Neto, A. G. D. C., Nunes, P. S., Filho, J. I. A. B., da Silva, S. P., Ribeiro, A. M., et al. (2020) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116448 · Cited by 23
Chronic Pain Syndromes and Their Laryngeal Manifestations
Piersiala, K., Akst, L. M., Hillel, A. T., & Best, S. R. (2020) · JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery · doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2020.0530 · Cited by 20
Chronic pain in Chile: first prevalence report of noncancer chronic pain, fibromyalgia, and neuropathic pain and its associated factors
Durán, J., Tejos‐Bravo, M., Vicente Cid, O., Catterina Ferreccio, R., & Calvo, M. (2023) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002886 · Cited by 27
Mechanisms hypothesized for pain-relieving effects of exercise in fibromyalgia: a scoping review
Neelapala, Y. V. R., Mercuri, D., Macedo, L. G., Hanna, S., Kobsar, D., & Carlesso, L. C. (2023) · Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease · doi:10.1177/1759720x231182894 · Cited by 20
A web-based educational therapy intervention associated with physical exercise to promote health in fibromyalgia in Brazil: the Amigos De Fibro (Fibro Friends) study protocol
Antunes, M. D., Loures, F. C. N. D. R., de Souza, I. M. B., Cruz, A. T., Januário, P. D. O., Pinheiro, M. M. L. S., Schmitt, A. C. B., Frutos‐Bernal, E., Nogueras, A. M. M., & Marques, A. P. (2023) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-023-07588-3 · Cited by 19
“Studies also point to the presence of fibromyalgia in men [4–6].”
Background
Comorbidities in a Nationwide, Heterogenous Population of Veterans with Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome
Laden, B. F., Bresee, C. J., Hoedt, A. M. D., Dallas, K. B., Scharfenberg, A., Saxena, R., Senechal, J. F., Barbour, K. E., Kim, J., Freedland, S. J., et al. (2021) · Urology · doi:10.1016/j.urology.2021.04.015 · Cited by 19
Performance of 2016 revised fibromyalgia diagnostic criteria in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Shresher, N. M., Mohamed, A. E., & Elshahaly, M. H. (2019) · Rheumatology International · doi:10.1007/s00296-019-04403-8 · Cited by 18
Prevalence of Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome among Individuals with Irritable Bowel Syndrome: An Analysis of United States National Inpatient Sample Database
Tarar, Z. I., Farooq, U., Nawaz, A., Gandhi, M. H., Ghouri, Y. A., Bhatt, A., & Cash, B. D. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11102594 · Cited by 22
Description and narrative review of well-established and promising psychological treatments for fibromyalgia
Pérez-Aranda, A., Barceló-Soler, A., Andrés-Rodríguez, L., Peñarrubia-María, M. T., Tuccillo, R., Borraz-Estruch, G., García-Campayo, J., Feliu-Soler, A., & Luciano, J. V. (2017) · Mindfulness & Compassion · doi:10.1016/j.mincom.2017.10.002 · Cited by 17
Central Sensitization and Nociplastic Pain: Shared Mechanisms in Fibromyalgia, Osteoarthritis, and Inflammatory Arthritis
Hladkykh, F. V., Liadova, T., Matvieienko, M. S., Komorovsky, R., Smiyan, S., & Student, V. (2026) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s571311 · Cited by 22
The reliability, validity, and responsiveness of Cognitive Exercise Therapy Approach‐Biopsychosocial Questionnaire for patients with fibromyalgia
Zahid, M., Ünal, E., Işık, Ö. Ö., Öksüz, S., Karakaya, J., & Çefle, A. (2022) · International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1111/1756-185x.14325 · Cited by 17
Efficacy and safety of weekly vitamin D3 in patients with fibromyalgia: 12-week, double-blind, randomized, controlled placebo trial
Lozano-Plata, L. I., Vega‐Morales, D., Esquivel‐Valerio, J. A., Garza‐Elizondo, M. A., Galarza-Delgado, D. Á., Silva-Luna, K., Serna‐Peña, G., Sifuentes-Ramírez, J., Guerra, A. D. J. G., & de Rivera, R. D.-N. (2021) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-021-05640-8 · Cited by 17
The relationship between COVID-19 and fibromyalgia syndrome: prevalence, pandemic effects, symptom mechanisms, and COVID-19 vaccines
Koçyiğit, B. F., & Akyol, A. (2022) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-022-06279-9 · Cited by 17
“It is remarkable that these results are higher than the literature data [16, 17].”
Result
Efficacy of a Multicomponent Intervention for Fibromyalgia Based on Pain Neuroscience Education, Exercise Therapy, Psychological Support, and Nature Exposure (NAT-FM): Study Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Trial
Serrat, M., Sanabria‐Mazo, J. P., García-Troiteiro, E., Fontcuberta, A., Canedo, C. M., Almirall, M., Feliu‐Soler, A., Méndez-Ulrich, J. L., Sanz, A., & Luciano, J. V. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17020634 · Cited by 18
A behavioral and brain imaging dataset with focus on emotion regulation of women with fibromyalgia
Balducci, T., Rasgado‐Toledo, J., Valencia, A., van Tol, M., Aleman, A., & Garza‐Villarreal, E. A. (2022) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01677-9 · Cited by 17
“The order of the sequences was: (1) resting state (rs-fMRI), (2) T1-weighted (T1w), (3) T2-weighted (T2w), (4) task (task-fMRI).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Fibromyalgia: Centralized Pain Processing and Neuroimaging
Richard, J. Y., Hurley, R. A., & Taber, K. H. (2019) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.19050107 · Cited by 17
Abnormal functional neurocircuitry underpinning emotional processing in fibromyalgia
Balducci, T., Garza‐Villarreal, E. A., Valencia, A., Aleman, A., & van Tol, M. (2023) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-023-01578-x · Cited by 16
“Fibromyalgia is a clinical syndrome that mainly affects women [1], characterized by a chronic presence of widespread pain, accompanied by a conglomerate of physical and psychological symptoms.”
Background
The Role of Nutrient Supplementation in the Management of Chronic Pain in Fibromyalgia: A Narrative Review
Haddad, H. W., Mallepalli, N. R., Scheinuk, J. E., Bhargava, P., Cornett, E. M., Urits, I., & Kaye, A. D. (2021) · Pain and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40122-021-00266-9 · Cited by 17
A retrospective analysis of the prevalence and impact of associated comorbidities on fibromyalgia outcomes in a tertiary care center
Rivera, F. A., Munipalli, B., Allman, M. E., Hodge, D. O., Wieczorek, M. A., Wang, B. X., Abril, A., Perlman, A. I., Knight, D. R. T., & Bruce, B. K. (2024) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1301944 · Cited by 15
“FM can affect individuals of all ages, but it is more commonly diagnosed in middle aged adults (30–50-year-old) (1, 2).”
Background
Low catechol-O-methyltransferase and stress potentiate functional pain and depressive behavior, especially in female mice
Zhang, X., Kanter, K. N., Chen, J., Kim, S., Wang, Y., Adeyemi, C., O’Buckley, S. C., & Nackley, A. G. (2019) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001734 · Cited by 15
Feasibility of Auricular Field Stimulation in Fibromyalgia: Evaluation by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Randomized Trial
Woodbury, A., Krishnamurthy, V., Gebre, M., Napadow, V., Bicknese, C., Liu, M., Lukemire, J., Kalangara, J. P., Cui, X., Guo, Y., et al. (2020) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnaa317 · Cited by 16
“Fibromyalgia is a chronic pain syndrome that consists of chronic widespread pain, decreased physical function, fatigue, psychoemotional and sleep disturbances, and various somatic complaints and affects approximately 8 million people in the United States [1].”
Background
Work limitations and associated factors in rheumatoid arthritis, axial spondyloarthritis, osteoarthritis and fibromyalgia
Brown, T. J., Hammond, A., Ching, A., & Parker, J. L. (2023) · Musculoskeletal Care · doi:10.1002/msc.1760 · Cited by 15
Prevalence of fibromyalgia in physicians in training: a cross-sectional study
Omair, M. A., Alobud, S., Al-Bogami, M. H., Dabbagh, R., Altaymani, Y. K., Alsultan, N., Alhazzani, A. A., & Omair, M. A. (2018) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-018-4313-x · Cited by 17
A systematic literature review on the clinical efficacy of low dose naltrexone and its effect on putative pathophysiological mechanisms among patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia
Partridge, S., Quadt, L., Bolton, M. J., Eccles, J., Thompson, C., Colasanti, A., Bremner, S. A., Jones, C. I., Bruun, K. D., & van Marwijk, H. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15638 · Cited by 14
Assessing Ethnic Minority Representation in Fibromyalgia Clinical Trials: A Systematic Review of Recruitment Demographics
Henley, P. P., Martins, T., & Zamani, R. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20247185 · Cited by 14
“Fibromyalgia prevalence is unknown; however, it has been estimated to be around 2% [24].”
Background
Proteomics in Patients with Fibromyalgia Syndrome: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies
Gkouvi, A., Tsiogkas, S. G., Bogdanos, D. P., Gika, H., Goulis, D. G., & Grammatikopoulou, M. G. (2024) · Current Pain and Headache Reports · doi:10.1007/s11916-024-01244-4 · Cited by 16
“For example, 14.8% of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 80% of those with Behçet’s disease are diagnosed with FMS [4, 5].”
BackgroundInfluential
A Patient-Narrative Video Approach to Teaching Fibromyalgia
Leeds, F. S., Sommer, E. M., Andrasik, W. J., Atwa, K. M., & Crawford, T. N. (2020) · Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development · doi:10.1177/2382120520947068 · Cited by 14
The Prevalence of Fibromyalgia Among Medical Students at King Abdulaziz University: A Cross-Sectional Study
Samman, A. A., Bokhari, R. A., Idris, S., Bantan, R., Margushi, R., Lary, S., Sait, R. M., & Bawazir, Y. M. (2021) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.12670 · Cited by 14
“The diagnosis is primarily based on chronic pain that is generalized with tenderness at the time of the physical exam, along with fatigue, sleep problems, notable cognitive dysfunction, mood changes, and headaches [4].”
Background
Prevalence of fibromyalgia in medical students and its association with lifestyle factors – a cross-sectional study
Patel, A., Alsaffar, A. M., Sharma, M., Masiak, A., & Zdrojewski, Z. (2021) · Reumatologia/Rheumatology · doi:10.5114/reum.2021.106908 · Cited by 16
Treatment preferences in fibromyalgia patients: A cross‐sectional web‐based survey
Valentini, E., Fetter, E., & Orbell, S. (2020) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1570 · Cited by 14
“Women are twice as likely to be diagnosed with the FM syndrome compared to men, with the most common age for the onset of the diagnosis between the ages of 25 and 55 (Heidari et al., 2017).”
Background
Psychometric properties of Turkish version of Jenkins sleep scale in fibromyalgia syndrome
Ünal-Ulutatar, Ç., & Özsoy-Ünübol, T. (2020) · Revista Brasileira de Reumatologia · doi:10.1186/s42358-020-0123-3 · Cited by 14
Physicians’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding fibromyalgia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies
Agarwal, A., Emary, P. C., Gallo, L., Oparin, Y., Shin, S. H., Fitzcharles, M., Adachi, J. D., Cooper, M. D., Craigie, S., Rai, A., et al. (2024) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000039109 · Cited by 17
A Comprehensive Analysis of Fibromyalgia and the Role of the Endogenous Opioid System
García‐Domínguez, M. (2025) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines13010165 · Cited by 13
Risk of hearing loss in patients with fibromyalgia: A nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study
Le, T. P., Tzeng, Y., Muo, C., Ting, H., Sung, F., Lee, S., & Teng, Y. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238502 · Cited by 14
“Patients with FM often have nonspecific symptoms and are at increased risk of many comorbidities and disorders [4].”
Background
Fibromyalgia in Health Care Worker During COVID-19 Outbreak in Saudi Arabia
Alenzi, F., Alhamal, S., Alramadhan, M., Altaroti, A., Siddiqui, I. A., & Aljanobi, G. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.693159 · Cited by 14
“(29), in the general population, the pooled prevalence of FM among men and women was 0.”
Background
Central sensitization and its relationship with health profile in Behçet’s disease
Ayar, K., Ökmen, B. M., Altan, L., & ÖZTÜRK, E. K. (2020) · Modern Rheumatology · doi:10.1080/14397595.2020.1780076 · Cited by 13
Sleeping is a nightmare: A qualitative study on the experience and management of poor sleep quality in women with fibromyalgia
Climent‐Sanz, C., Gea‐Sánchez, M., Fernández‐Lago, H., Mateos, J. T., Rubí‐Carnacea, F., & Briones‐Vozmediano, E. (2021) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.14977 · Cited by 14
Exercise Intervention in Women with Fibromyalgia and Its Influence on Pain, Psychological Variables, and Disability: An Observational Study
González-Álvarez, M. E., Riquelme-Aguado, V., Rossettini, G., Fernández‐Carnero, J., & Villafañe, J. H. (2024) · Life · doi:10.3390/life15010040 · Cited by 15
“Due to the gender prevalence of fibromyalgia, more than 9 out of 10 patients are women [33,34], and only female patients participated in this study.”
Recommendations by the Spanish Society of Rheumatology on Fibromyalgia. Part 1: Diagnosis and treatment
Redondo, J. R., Fontecha, P. D. D. C., de Miquel, C. A., Almirall, M., Fernández, B. C., Ojeda, C. C., Cruz, A. C., Montesó‐Curto, P., Palao, Á., Calvo, E. T., et al. (2021) · Reumatología Clínica (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.reumae.2021.02.002 · Cited by 12
Acupuncture decreased the risk of stroke among patients with fibromyalgia in Taiwan: A nationwide matched cohort study
Huang, M., Yen, H., Lin, C., Lee, Y., Sun, M.-F., & Wu, M. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239703 · Cited by 13

Authors: Heidari, F., Afshari, M., & Moosazadeh, M.
Affiliations: Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences (IR)
Zabol University of Medical Sciences (IR)
Corresponding author: Moosazadeh, Mahmood
ORCID: Afshari, Mahdi
Moosazadeh, Mahmood
Venue: Rheumatology International
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2017-04-26
Volume: 37
Issue: 9
Pages: 1527-1539
ISSN: 0172-8172 (ISSN-L)
1437-160X
DOI: 10.1007/s00296-017-3725-2
OpenAlex: W2609172362
Cited by: 432
References: 76
Citations by year: 2026: 61 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6
FWCI: 2.59
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (unspecified)
Locations: Rheumatology International (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Research
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Myofascial pain diagnosis and treatment
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
Keywords: fibromyalgia, prevalence, general population, sex differences, hemodialysis patients, Behçet's disease, irritable bowel syndrome, type 2 diabetes, comorbidities, rheumatology patients
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Female, Fibromyalgia, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Young Adult

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Prevalence of fibromyalgia in general population and patients, a systematic review and meta-analysis

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