Effect of testosterone, raloxifene and estrogen replacement on the microstructure and biomechanics of metaphyseal osteoporotic bones in orchiectomized male rats
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INTRODUCTION: Currently, osteoporosis research is rarely undertaken in males but an increase in male life expectancy in the company of hypogonadism suggests the necessity for potential therapeutic options. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, the changes in bone structure under standardized testosterone- (T), raloxifene- (R) and estrogen (E)-supplemented diets were analyzed in osteoporotic castrated male rats. RESULTS: Unexpected biomechanical results could be only explained by the histomorphometry, but not by BMD measurements obtained from the qCT. All tested substances showed a significant improvement in the trabecular network (trabecular bone area for C: 2.55 mm(2), T: 4.25 mm(2), R: 4.22 mm(2) and E: 4.28 mm(2)), and suggests that the bone structure was preserved. For the metaphyseal cortical bone, a significant loss was detected in T (CBP: 18.7%) compared to R (CBP: 30.0%), E (CBP: 26.8%) and even to the osteoporotic control (CBP: 28.6%). This explains the observed early mechanical final failure after T supplementation. However, due to the preserved trabecular bone in T, the occurrence of the first microfractures (yL: 49 +/- 21.4 N) was significantly later than in the osteoporotic control (yL: 39.5 +/- 15.5 N). Raloxifene performed well in hindering the bone loss associated with osteoporosis. However, its effect (yL: 83.3 +/- 16.5 N) did not approach the protective effect of E (yL: 99.2 +/- 21.1 N). CONCLUSION: Testosterone only preserved the deterioration of the trabecular bone but not of the cortical bone. Raloxifene prevented the bone loss associated with osteoporosis at all bony structures. This effect did not approach the protective effect of estrogen on trabecular bone, but it is more suitable for male individuals because it has no feminizing effects on the subject.
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Testosterone has a direct effect on bone through the androgen receptors present in osteoblasts that enhance bone proliferation, or it has an indirect effect through the aromatization changes to estrogen.
“testosterone has a direct effect on bone through the androgen receptors present in osteoblasts that enhance bone proliferation [46–50], or it has an indirect effect through the aromatization changes to estrogen [51].”
From The Effect of Tobacco Smoking on Bone Mass: An Overview of Pathophysiologic Mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [47]
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- Authors
- Stuermer, E. K., Sehmisch, S., Tezval, M., Tezval, H., Rack, T., Boekhoff, J., Wuttke, W., Herrmann, T. R. W., Seidlova-Wuttke, D., & Stuermer, K. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Göttingen (DE)
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Stuermer, E. K.
- Venue
- World Journal of Urology
- Published
- 2009-02-17
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 547-555
- ISSN
- 0724-4983 (ISSN-L)
- 1433-8726
- PMC
- PMC2720581
- OpenAlex
- W2004100464
- Cited by
- 37
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 4 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 4.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- World Journal of Urology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- GoeScholar The Publication Server of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- GRO (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Keywords
- male osteoporosis, testosterone, raloxifene, estrogen replacement therapy, orchiectomy, hypogonadism, trabecular bone, cortical bone, bone microarchitecture, bone biomechanics, bone loss, histomorphometry, bone mineral density
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Oral, Animals, Biomechanical Phenomena, Bone and Bones, Bone Resorption, Disease Models, Animal, Estrogens, Male, Orchiectomy, Osteoporosis, Testosterone, Bone Density, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Hormone Replacement Therapy, Raloxifene Hydrochloride, Rats
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