Early introduction of complementary foods and childhood overweight in breastfed and formula-fed infants in the Netherlands: the PIAMA birth cohort study
Open accessAbstract
PURPOSE: To investigate whether early introduction of complementary foods (CF) is associated with an increased risk of overweight during childhood, and whether this association differs between formula-fed and breastfed infants. METHODS: We included 2611 participants that were born at term from a Dutch population-based birth cohort (n = 3963) designed to investigate the development of asthma and allergies. Parents kept records of their infant's age when CF were first introduced. Weight and height were parent reported yearly from age 1 to 8 years, and at ages 11, 14 and 17 years. We used multivariate generalized estimating equations analysis to investigate the association between timing of CF introduction (before 4 months vs at or after 4 months of age) and overweight at ages 1-17 years. RESULTS: Children with CF introduction before 4 months had higher odds of being overweight during childhood than children with CF introduction at or after 4 months (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.19, 1.47). This association was observed in formula-fed infants (OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.17, 1.94) and breastfed infants (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.19, 1.47). The duration of breastfeeding modified the association between CF introduction and overweight: children breastfed for shorter than 4 months, but not children breastfed for 4 months or longer with CF introduction before 4 months had higher odds of being overweight (OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.19, 1.57 and 1.07, 95% CI 0.87, 1.32, respectively), compared to those with CF introduction at or after 4 months. CONCLUSIONS: In children born at term, formula-fed infants and infants who were breastfed for shorter than 4 months, but not infants who were breastfed for 4 months or longer, had a higher risk of being overweight during childhood when being introduced to CF before 4 months of age.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In human studies, early introduction of solid food was associated with a higher risk of obesity or immunological diseases.
“In human studies, early introduction of solid food was associated with a higher risk of obesity (274, 275) or immunological diseases (276).”
From Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health (2021) · cites this paper as [274]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Atopic Dermatitis: Global Epidemiology and Risk Factors
Nutten, S. (2015) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000370220 · Cited by 3,077 · see citing works
Tracking of childhood overweight into adulthood: a systematic review of the literature
Singh, A. S., Mulder, C., Twisk, J. W. R., van Mechelen, W., & Chinapaw, M. J. M. (2008) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2008.00475.x · Cited by 2,495 · see citing works
Development of eating behaviors among children and adolescents.
Birch, L. L., & Fisher, J. O. (1998) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.101.s2.539 · Cited by 2,282 · see citing works
Randomized trial of peanut consumption in infants at risk for peanut allergy
Du Toit, G., Roberts, G., Sayre, P. H., Bahnson, H. T., Radulovic, S., Santos, A. F., Brough, H. A., Phippard, D., Basting, M., Feeney, M., et al. (2015) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1414850 · Cited by 2,237 · see citing works
Continuing Positive Secular Growth Change in the Netherlands 1955–1997
Fredriks, A. M., van Buuren, S., Burgmeijer, R. J. F., Meulmeester, J. F., Beuker, R. J., Brugman, E., Roede, M. J., Verloove-Vanhorick, S. P., & Wit, J.-M. (2000) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/00006450-200003000-00006 · Cited by 1,138 · see citing works
Fewtrell, M. S., Bronský, J., Campoy, C., Domellöf, M., Embleton, N. D., Mis, N. F., Hojsak, I., Hulst, J. M., Indrio, F., Lapillonne, A., et al. (2016) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000001454 · Cited by 969 · see citing works
Randomized Trial of Introduction of Allergenic Foods in Breast-Fed Infants
Perkin, M. R., Logan, K., Tseng, A., Raji, B., Ayis, S. A., Peacock, J. L., Brough, H. A., Marrs, T., Radulović, S., Craven, J., et al. (2016) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1514210 · Cited by 889 · see citing works
Early consumption of peanuts in infancy is associated with a low prevalence of peanut allergy
Toit, G. D., Katz, Y., Sasieni, P. D., Mesher, D., Maleki, S. J., Fisher, H. R., Fox, A. T., Turcanu, V., Amir, T., Zadik-Mnuhin, G., et al. (2008) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2008.08.039 · Cited by 829 · see citing works
Wilson, A. C., Forsyth, J. S., Greene, S. A., Irvine, L. A., Hau, C., & Howie, P. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.316.7124.21 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
New guidelines for weight gain during pregnancy: what obstetrician/gynecologists should know
Rasmussen, K. M., Catalano, P. M., & Yaktine, A. L. (2009) · Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/gco.0b013e328332d24e · Cited by 529 · see citing works
Early exposure to cow's milk protein is protective against IgE-mediated cow's milk protein allergy
Katz, Y., Rajuan, N., Goldberg, M. R., Eisenberg, E., Heyman, E., Cohen, A., & Leshno, M. (2010) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2010.04.020 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Can early introduction of egg prevent egg allergy in infants? A population-based study
Koplin, J. J., Osborne, N. J., Wake, M. A., Martin, P. E., Gurrin, L. C., Robinson, M. N., Tey, D., Slaa, M., Thiele, L., Miles, L., et al. (2010) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2010.07.028 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Timing of Solid Food Introduction and Risk of Obesity in Preschool-Aged Children
Huh, S. Y., Rifas‐Shiman, S. L., Taveras, E. M., Oken, E., & Gillman, M. W. (2011) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2010-0740 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Brunekreef, B., Smit, J., de Jongste, J. C., Neijens, H. J., Gerritsen, J., Postma, D. S., Aalberse, R. C., Koopman, L. P., Kerkhof, M., Wijga, A. H., et al. (2002) · Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.1034/j.1399-3038.13.s.15.1.x · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Self-citationPearce, J., Taylor, M. A., & Langley‐Evans, S. C. (2013) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2013.99 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Ong, K. K., Emmett, P. M., Noble, S., Ness, A., Dunger, D. B., & and the ALSPAC Study Team (2006) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2005-1668 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Growth of Preterm Born Children
Euser, A. M., de Wit, C. C., Finken, M. J. J., et al. (2008) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000161862 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Snijders, B. E. P., Thijs, C. T., van Ree, R., et al. (2008) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2007-1651 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Risk factors for childhood obesity at age 5: Analysis of the Millennium Cohort Study
Brophy, S. T., Cooksey, R., Gravenor, M. B., Mistry, R., Thomas, N. E., Lyons, R. A., & Williams, R. (2009) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-467 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Cohort profile: The Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy (PIAMA) birth cohort
Wijga, A. H., Kerkhof, M., Gehring, U., de Jongste, J. C., Postma, D. S., Aalberse, R. C., Wolse, A., Koppelman, G. H., van Rossem, L., Oldenwening, M., et al. (2013) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dys231 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Self-citationIntroduction of Complementary Feeding in 5 European Countries
Schiess, S. A., Grote, V., Scaglioni, S., et al. (2009) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0b013e31819f1ddc · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Heinig, M. J., Nommsen, L. A., Peerson, J. M., et al. (1993) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1993.tb12798.x · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Moorcroft, K. E., Marshall, J. L., & McCormick, F. M. (2010) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/j.1740-8709.2010.00284.x · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Moss, B. G., & Yeaton, W. H. (2013) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-013-1357-z · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Wang, J., Wu, Y., Xiong, G., Chao, T., Qiu, J. F., Liu, R., Hao, L., Wei, S., Yang, N., & Yang, X. (2016) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2016.03.003 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Scholtens, S., Brunekreef, B., Visscher, T. L. S., Smit, H. A., Kerkhof, M., de Jongste, J. C., Gerritsen, J., & Wijga, A. H. (2006) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckl253 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationTrial on Timing of Introduction to Solids and Food Type on Infant Growth
Mehta, K. C., SPECKER, B. L., Bartholmey, S. J., Giddens, J., & Ho, M. L. (1998) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.102.3.569 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Optimal timing for solids introduction – why are the guidelines always changing?
Koplin, J. J., & Allen, K. J. (2013) · Clinical & Experimental Allergy · doi:10.1111/cea.12090 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
The Impact of Timing of Introduction of Solids on Infant Body Mass Index
Sun, C., Foskey, R., Allen, K. J., Dharmage, S. C., Koplin, J. J., Ponsonby, A., Lowe, A. J., Matheson, M. C., Tang, M. L. K., Gurrin, L. C., et al. (2016) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.08.064 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Maternal and infant factors associated with reasons for introducing solid foods
Brown, A., & Rowan, H. (2015) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.12166 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Berg, G. V. D., van Eijsden, M., Galindo‐Garre, F., Vrijkotte, T. G. M., & Gemke, R. J. B. J. (2013) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s00431-013-2063-y · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Peiling melkvoeding van zuigelingen in 2018
van Dommelen, P., & Engelse, O. (2021) · JGZ Tijdschrift voor jeugdgezondheidszorg · doi:10.1007/s12452-021-00251-w · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Infant Feeding Patterns Are Associated with Cardiovascular Structures and Function in Childhood
de Jonge, L. L., Langhout Marianne, A., Taal, H. R., Franco, O. H., Hein, R., Albert Hofman, D., Lennie, V. O.-G., & Jaddoe Vincent, W. V. (2013) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.113.174326 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Parental reported compared with measured waist circumference in 8-year-old children
Bekkers, M. B. M., Brunekreef, B., Scholtens, S., Kerkhof, M., Smit, H. A., & Wijga, A. H. (2010) · International Journal of Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.3109/17477166.2010.490266 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationLanting, C. I., & van Wouwe, K. (2008) · TNO Repository · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health
Berding, K., Vlckova, K., Marx, W., Schellekens, H., Stanton, C., Clarke, G., Jacka, F., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2021) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmaa181 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
Differding, M. K., Doyon, M., Bouchard, L., Perron, P., Guérin, R., Asselin, C., Massé, E., Hivert, M., & Mueller, N. T. (2020) · Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.1111/ijpo.12642 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Parent preferences for text messages containing infant feeding advice
Brown, C., Davis, K. E., Habiba, N., Massey-Stokes, M., & Warren, C. (2020) · mHealth · doi:10.21037/mhealth.2019.11.03 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
- Authors
- Pluymen, L. P. M., Wijga, A. H., Gehring, U., Koppelman, G. H., Smit, H. A., & van Rossem, L.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (NL)
- Utrecht University (NL)
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Pluymen, Linda P. M.
- Venue
- European Journal of Nutrition
- Published
- 2018-02-22
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1985-1993
- ISSN
- 1436-6207 (ISSN-L)
- 1436-6215
- PMC
- PMC6060808
- OpenAlex
- W2790481263
- Cited by
- 68
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 8.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- European Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Rivm Repository (Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment) (submittedVersion)
- Rivm (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (S/260306/01/PA)
- Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development
- Netherlands Asthma Foundation
- Netherlands Ministry of Planning, Housing and the Environment
- Netherlands Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Breastfeeding Practices and Influences
- Keywords
- complementary foods, timing of complementary food introduction, childhood overweight, infant feeding, breastfeeding duration, bottle feeding, infant weight gain, PIAMA birth cohort
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Breast Feeding, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Netherlands, Cohort Studies, Infant Formula, Overweight, Pediatric Obesity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
